PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126520 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of Siberia			Cambrian of China		Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ordovician of the Baltic			Carboniferous of North America	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan															Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan															Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																0.0117
		Late Pleistocene															Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian															Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian															Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian															Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian															Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																2.58
		Zanclean																3.6
		Zanclean															Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																5.333
		Tortonian																7.246
		Tortonian															Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian															Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian															Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian																13.82
		Burdigalian																15.98
																	Hemingfordian	16.3
																	Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																23.03
		Rupelian																27.82
																	Whitneyan	29.5
																	Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian															Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian															Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian															Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian															Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian															Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian															Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian															Bridgerian	47.8
																	Wasatchian	50.5
																	Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian															Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian															Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian															Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian															Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian															Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian															Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian															66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian															72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian															100.5
			Middle Albian															106.2 *
			Early Albian															109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian															113
		Aptian	Early Aptian															119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian															139.8
			Middle Berriasian															140.6 *
			Early Berriasian															142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian														145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian														146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian															149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian															152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian		Epizigzagiceras	168.2
			Late Bajocian		Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.4
			Early Bajocian		Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
					Planulata	179.3 *
						Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
			Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
					Kanense		181.3 *
					Carlottense		182.3 *
			Early Toarcian		Carlottense		182.9 *
			Early Toarcian		Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Kunae		184.2
					Freboldi		185.1 *
					Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
							Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
					Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
					Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras		196.4 *
					Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian	Sevatian					208.5
			Alaunian					213.2 *
			Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian					227
		Carnian	Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian					237
		Ladinian	Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian					242
			Pelsonian					243.8 *
			Bithynian					244.7 *
			Aegean					245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian					247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian					248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian					251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian					251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian						Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian						Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian						Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian						Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian						Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian						Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Chesterian	323.2
		Visean						Chesterian	330.9
								Meramecian	335.8 *
								Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian						Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian						Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Harju					Porkuni	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian							Pirgu		Rawtheyan	445.2
											Cautleyan	448.9 *
											Pusgillian	449.3 *
									Vormsi	Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
									Nabala				Johvi †	450 *
				Viru					Rakvere					450.6 *
									Rakvere		Cheneyan			451.5 *
									Oandu		Cheneyan			452 *
							Burrellian		Oandu		452.7 *
		Sandbian							Keila		Idavere †		453
					Actonian †	453.2 *			Keila
					Actonian †	Haljala			453.9
					Marshbrookian †				Woolstonian †			454.2 *
					Longvillian †							455.2 *
						Kukruse						456.4 *
							Aurelucian					456.8 *
					Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian							457.4 *
					Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian	Uhaku					Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Llanvirn	Uhaku	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn					458.4
						Lasnamagi						458.9 *
						Aseri						460.4 *
						Aseri	Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					461.3 *
				Oeland		Kunda						462.9 *
						Kunda					Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
						Volkhov						Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian											467.3
			Arenig		Fennian		468.4 *
						Billingen	469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					470
							Latorp †					470.1 *
					Whitlandian							471.1 *
					Whitlandian	Hunneberg						473.7 *
					Moridunian							474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc		Migneintian							477.7
					Cressagian							480.8 *
						Varangu						481.3 *
						Pakerort						482.2 *
												Mansian †	483.55 *
												Mansian †	485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Batyrbaian					Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
																486.3 *
																486.5
		Jiangshanian												Jiangshanian		489.5
							Aksaian									490.7 *
							Sakian									492.2 *
		Paibian												Paibian		494
													Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian			494.7 *
													Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Ayusokkanian						Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Guzhangian					Mayan/Menevian						Guzhangian		499.5
		Drumian					Mayan/Menevian						Drumian		500.5
		Wuliuan					Amgan/Solvan						Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Amgan/Solvan						Duyunian		509
							Toyonian	Lenian †							510 *
							Botomian								512.5 *
		Stage 3					Botomian						Nangaoian		514
		Stage 3					Atdabanian						Nangaoian		515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Tommotian						Meishucunian		521
		Stage 2					Nemakit-Daldynian								525.5
		Fortunian						Manykaian †							529
		Fortunian						Manykaian †					Jinnigian		530.7
																		538.8