PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126138 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Cenozoic Subepochs	Central Paratethys Stages	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Ordovician of the Baltic	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan									Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene				Tarantian			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene				Tarantian		Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene				Ionian		Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene				Ionian		Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian			Early Pleistocene						Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian									Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene							2.58
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene							3.6
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene						Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene							5.333
		Tortonian				Pannonian						7.246
		Tortonian				Pannonian					Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian			Middle Miocene	Sarmatian					Clarendonian	11.63
						Sarmatian					Barstovian	12.5
						Badenian						12.8 *
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian			Early Miocene							15.98
											Hemingfordian	16.3
											Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene							23.03
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene							27.82
											Whitneyan	29.5
											Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Eocene						Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian			Late Eocene						Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian			Middle Eocene						Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian									Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian									Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian									Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian			Early Eocene						Bridgerian	47.8
											Wasatchian	50.5
											Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Late Paleocene						Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian			Late Paleocene						Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene						Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene						Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian			Early Paleocene						Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian			Early Paleocene						Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				Lancian/Edmontonian					66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				Judithian/Aquilan					72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian									100.5
			Middle Albian									106.2 *
			Early Albian									109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian									113
		Aptian	Early Aptian									119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian									139.8
			Middle Berriasian									140.6 *
			Early Berriasian									142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian					168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian					168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian					174.7
			Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
			Early Toarcian					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian	Sevatian					208.5
			Alaunian					213.2 *
			Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian					227
		Carnian	Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian			237
		Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian			242
			Pelsonian			243.8 *
			Bithynian			244.7 *
			Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian			247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian			Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian			Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian					Pirgu	445.2
							Vormsi	449.6 *
							Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
						Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
							Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian		Keila			Idavere †	453
				Haljala				453.9
				Kukruse				456.4 *
				Uhaku			Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Uhaku				458.4
				Lasnamagi				458.9 *
				Aseri				460.4 *
				Oeland		Kunda		462.9 *
						Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
						Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian				Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian				Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
							Latorp †		470.1 *
						Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian				Hunneberg			477.7
						Varangu			481.3 *
						Pakerort			482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Pakerort			485.4
									486.3 *
									486.5
		Jiangshanian							489.5
		Paibian							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							497
		Guzhangian							Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian								500.5
		Wuliuan								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Branchian						509
		Stage 3	Branchian						514
		Stage 3	Placentian						517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
												538.8