International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

  • K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
  • F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
  • A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
  • W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
  • D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
  • F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
  • M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
  • P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
  • A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126699 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic TimescalePermian of the Russian PlatformPermo-Triassic Subages of Eastern EuropeCambrian of SiberiaObsolete Precambrian AgesTen Million Year BinsOrdovician of North AmericaCenozoic Subepochs of Southern EuropeNorth American Land Mammal Ages
PhanerozoicCenozoicQuaternaryHoloceneMeghalayanCenozoic 6Saintaugustinean0
Santarosean0.0004
Northgrippian0.0042
Greenlandian0.0082
PleistoceneLate PleistoceneTarantian0.0117
Rancholabrean0.014
ChibanianIonian0.129
Irvingtonian0.21
Calabrian0.774
Blancan1.4
Gelasian1.8
NeogenePliocenePiacenzian2.58
Zanclean3.6
Hemphillian4.7
MioceneMessinian5.333
Tortonian7.246
Clarendonian9.4
SerravallianCenozoic 511.63
Barstovian12.5
Langhian13.82
Burdigalian15.98
Hemingfordian16.3
Arikareean18.5
Aquitanian20.44
PaleogeneOligoceneChattianCenozoic 423.03
Rupelian27.82
Whitneyan29.5
Orellan31.8
EocenePriabonianCenozoic 3Chadronian33.9
Duchesnean37
Bartonian37.71
Uintan39.7
LutetianCenozoic 241.2
Bridgerian46.2
Ypresian47.8
Wasatchian50.5
Clarkforkian54.9
PaleoceneThanetianCenozoic 156
Tiffanian56.2
Selandian59.2
Torrejonian60.9
Danian61.6
Puercan63.8
MesozoicCretaceousLate CretaceousMaastrichtianCretaceous 866
CampanianCretaceous 772.1
SantonianCretaceous 683.6
Coniacian86.3
Turonian89.8
CenomanianCretaceous 593.9
Early CretaceousAlbianCretaceous 4100.5
AptianCretaceous 3113
BarremianCretaceous 2121.4
Hauterivian125.77
ValanginianCretaceous 1132.6
Berriasian139.8
JurassicLate JurassicTithonianJurassic 6145
KimmeridgianJurassic 5149.2
Oxfordian154.8
Middle JurassicCallovian161.5
BathonianJurassic 4165.3
Bajocian168.2
AalenianJurassic 3170.9
Early JurassicToarcian174.7
PliensbachianJurassic 2184.2
SinemurianJurassic 1192.9
Hettangian199.5
TriassicLate TriassicRhaetianTriassic 4201.4
Norian208.5
CarnianTriassic 3227
Middle TriassicLadinianTriassic 2237
Anisian242
Early TriassicOlenekianVokhmianTriassic 1247.2
Induan251.2
PaleozoicPermianLopingianChanghsingianPermian 4251.902
WuchiapingianLate Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian254.14
TatarianVyatkian256.8 *
GuadalupianCapitanianSeverodvinianLate Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian259.51
WordianUrzhumianLate Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian264.28
RoadianKazanianPovolzhianLate Kazanian/Early KazanianPermian 3266.9
Sokian270.7 *
CisuralianKungurianKungurianIrenian/UfimianPermian 2273.01
Filipovian276.5 *
Saraninian280.1 *
ArtinskianArtinskianSarginian283.5
Irginian285.9 *
Burtsevian287.8 *
SakmarianSakmarianSterlitamakian290.1
Tastubian291.7 *
AsselianAsselianShikhanianPermian 1293.52
Uskalykian294.8
Surenian297.5
CarboniferousPennsylvanianGzhelianCarboniferous 5298.9
Kasimovian303.7
MoscovianCarboniferous 4307
Bashkirian315.2
MississippianSerpukhovianCarboniferous 3323.2
ViseanCarboniferous 2330.9
TournaisianCarboniferous 1346.7
DevonianLate DevonianFamennianDevonian 5358.9
FrasnianDevonian 4372.2
Middle DevonianGivetianDevonian 3382.7
Eifelian387.7
Early DevonianEmsianDevonian 2393.3
PragianDevonian 1407.6
Lochkovian410.8
SilurianPridoliSilurian 2419.2
LudlowLudfordian423
Gorstian425.6
WenlockHomerian427.4
Sheinwoodian430.5
LlandoveryTelychianSilurian 1433.4
Aeronian438.5
Rhuddanian440.8
OrdovicianLate OrdovicianHirnantianOrdovician 5CincinnatianGamachian443.8
Katian445.2
Richmondian446 *
MaysvillianRocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian449.8 *
Edenian450.4 *
MohawkianChatfieldian451.1 *
SandbianOrdovician 4453
Turinian453.7 *
WhiterockianCanadian †Chazyan †/Marmor457 *
Middle OrdovicianDarriwilianOrdovician 3458.4
DapingianOrdovician 2467.3
Rangerian469.1 *
Early OrdovicianFloianIbexianBlackhillsianJeffersonian †Cassinian †470
Tulean473.9 *
TremadocianOrdovician 1477.7
Stairsian480.3 *
SkullrockianDemingian †482 *
Mansian †483.55 *
CambrianFurongianStage 10BatyrbaianTavgian †Ketyan †/YurakianCambrian 5485.4
487.5
Jiangshanian489.5
Aksaian490.7 *
Sakian492.2 *
Paibian494
Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian494.7 *
MiaolingianGuzhangianAyusokkanianCambrian 4497
Mayan/Menevian499.5
Drumian500.5
WuliuanAmgan/SolvanCambrian 3504.5
Series 2Stage 4509
ToyonianLenian †510 *
Botomian512.5 *
Stage 3Cambrian 2514
Atdabanian515.6 *
TerreneuvianStage 2Tommotian521
Nemakit-Daldynian525.5
FortunianManykaian †Cambrian 1529
ProterozoicNeoproterozoicEdiacaranVendian †Poundian †538.8
Wonokan †571.7 *
635