PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permian of the Russian Platform		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cambrian of China		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Devonian of Eastern North America	North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan												Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian													0.0042
				Greenlandian													0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Sheridanian										0.0117
				Late Pleistocene												Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian												Rancholabrean	0.129
				Chibanian			Cudahyan/Sappan									Irvingtonian	0.21
				Calabrian			Cudahyan/Sappan									Irvingtonian	0.774
				Calabrian			Senecan/Rexroadian									Blancan	1.4
				Gelasian													1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Tertiary †					2.58
				Zanclean													3.6
				Zanclean			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian									Hemphillian	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian													5.333
				Tortonian													7.246
				Tortonian			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian									Clarendonian	9.4
				Serravallian			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian									Clarendonian	11.63
				Serravallian			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian									Barstovian	12.5
				Langhian													13.82
				Burdigalian													15.98
							Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian									Hemingfordian	16.3
							late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian								Arikareean	18.5
				Aquitanian													20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
								Monroecreekian									23.1 *
								Geringian									24.7 *
				Rupelian				Geringian									27.82
																Whitneyan	29.5
																Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian			Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian									Chadronian	33.9
				Priabonian												Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian												Duchesnean	37.71
				Bartonian			Late Uintan/Early Uintan									Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian			Late Uintan/Early Uintan									Uintan	41.2
				Lutetian			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									Bridgerian	47.8
							Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean									Wasatchian	50.5
									Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1							Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1							Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian					To3/To2/To1							Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian					To3/To2/To1							Torrejonian	61.6
				Danian					Pu3/Pu2/Pu1							Puercan	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
				Campanian													72.1
				Santonian													83.6
				Coniacian													86.3
				Turonian													89.8
				Cenomanian													93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
				Aptian													113
				Barremian													121.4
				Hauterivian													125.77
				Valanginian													132.6
				Berriasian													139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
				Kimmeridgian													149.2
				Oxfordian													154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
				Bathonian													165.3
				Bajocian													168.2
				Aalenian													170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	174.7
			Pliensbachian	184.2
			Sinemurian	192.9
			Hettangian	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
			Wuchiapingian	Longtanian †	254.14
			Wuchiapingian	Longtanian †	Tatarian	Vyatkian				256.8 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Severodvinian						259.51
			Wordian	Urzhumian						264.28
			Roadian	Kazanian	Povolzhian					266.9
			Roadian	Kazanian	Sokian					270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian					273.01
					Filipovian					276.5 *
					Saraninian					280.1 *
			Artinskian	Artinskian	Sarginian					283.5
					Irginian					285.9 *
					Burtsevian					287.8 *
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian					290.1
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Tastubian					291.7 *
			Asselian	Asselian	Shikhanian					293.52
					Uskalykian					294.8
					Surenian			297.5
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
			Kasimovian					303.7
			Moscovian					307
			Bashkirian					315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
			Visean					330.9
			Tournaisian					346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					West Fallsian/Sonyean		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Southwoodian	Cazenovian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian		393.3
			Pragian							407.6
			Lochkovian							410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
		Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
			Aeronian						438.5
			Rhuddanian						440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
			Katian						445.2
			Sandbian						453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian						470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
			Jiangshanian						Jiangshanian		489.5
			Paibian						Paibian		494
			Paibian						Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Series 3 †	497
			Drumian						Drumian	Wangcunian †		500.5
			Wuliuan			Wuliuan/Taijangian				Stage 5 †		504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4			Duyunian						509
		Series 2	Stage 3			Nangaoian						514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Meishucunian						521
			Fortunian			Meishucunian						529
			Fortunian			Jinnigian						530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																	635