PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126699 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of the Russian Platform		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Carboniferous of China	Cambrian Epochs	Ordovician of North America					Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan														Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan														Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													Tarantian		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene													Tarantian	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian													Ionian	Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian													Ionian	Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian														Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian														Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Tertiary †												2.58
		Zanclean															3.6
		Zanclean														Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
		Tortonian														Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian														Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian														Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian															15.98
																Hemingfordian	16.3
																Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
		Rupelian															27.82
																Whitneyan	29.5
																Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian														Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian														Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian														Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian														Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian														Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian														Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian														Bridgerian	47.8
																Wasatchian	50.5
																Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian														Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian														Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian														Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian														Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian														Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian														Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
		Campanian															72.1
		Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
		Aptian															113
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
		Kimmeridgian															149.2
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Bathonian															165.3
		Bajocian															168.2
		Aalenian															170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
		Pliensbachian															184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Wuchiapingian	Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Longtanian †	Tatarian		Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Severodvinian				259.51
		Wordian	Urzhumian				264.28
		Roadian	Kazanian	Povolzhian			266.9
		Roadian	Kazanian	Sokian			270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian			273.01
				Filipovian			276.5 *
				Saraninian			280.1 *
		Artinskian	Artinskian	Sarginian			283.5
				Irginian			285.9 *
				Burtsevian			287.8 *
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian			290.1
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Tastubian			291.7 *
		Asselian	Asselian	Shikhanian			293.52
				Uskalykian			294.8
				Surenian			297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Gzhelian					Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian					Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian					Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
							Huashibanian	318.5 *
							Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian					Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean					Shangsian	330.9
		Visean					Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian					Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Cincinnatian			Gamachian	443.8
		Katian						Gamachian	445.2
								Richmondian	446 *
								Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
								Edenian		450.4 *
					Mohawkian			Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian						Chatfieldian		453
								Turinian		453.7 *
					Whiterockian				Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
		Dapingian									467.3
		Dapingian						Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Ibexian			Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian						Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian						Tulean				477.7
								Stairsian				480.3 *
								Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Skullrockian	Late Cambrian				485.4
		Stage 10											487.5
		Jiangshanian											489.5
		Paibian											494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Series 3 †			Middle Cambrian				497
		Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan											Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4											Early Cambrian	509
	Series 2	Stage 3												514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
																	538.8