PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126689 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Permian of the Russian Platform		Silurian Ages of Europe	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cambrian of China		Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Wanganui	Haweran				Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene									Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian									Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.129
												Irvingtonian	0.21
								Castlecliffian					0.34
		Calabrian									Early Pleistocene		0.774
												Blancan	1.4
								Nukumaruan					1.63
		Gelasian						Nukumaruan					1.8
		Gelasian						Mangapanian					2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Mangapanian			Late Pliocene		2.58
		Piacenzian						Waipipian			Late Pliocene		3
		Zanclean						Waipipian			Early Pliocene		3.6
								Opoitian					3.7
								Opoitian				Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian					Taranaki	Kapitean			Late Miocene		5.333
		Messinian						Tongaporutuan					7.2
		Tortonian											7.246
												Clarendonian	9.4
							Southland	Waiauan					11.04
		Serravallian									Middle Miocene		11.63
												Barstovian	12.5
								Lillburnian					13.05
		Langhian						Lillburnian					13.82
								Clifdenian					15.1
							Pareora	Altonian					15.9
		Burdigalian									Early Miocene		15.98
												Hemingfordian	16.3
												Arikareean	18.5
								Otaian					18.7
		Aquitanian						Otaian					20.44
		Aquitanian					Landon	Waitakian					21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Waitakian			Late Oligocene		23.03
								Duntroonian					25.2
								Whaingaroan					27.3
		Rupelian									Early Oligocene		27.82
												Whitneyan	29.5
												Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian									Late Eocene	Chadronian	33.9
							Arnold	Runangan					34.6
								Kaiatan					36.7
												Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian									Middle Eocene		37.71
								Bortonian					39.1
												Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian											41.2
							Dannevirke	Porangan					42.6
								Heretaungan					45.7
												Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian									Early Eocene		47.8
								Mangaorapan					48.9
								Mangaorapan				Wasatchian	50.5
								Waipawan				Wasatchian	52
								Waipawan				Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Teurian			Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian									Late Paleocene	Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian									Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian									Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian									Early Paleocene	Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian									Early Paleocene	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian			66
		Campanian		Haumurian			72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan			83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
		Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian					89.8
				Mangaotanean			90.5
				Arowhanan			93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan			93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
				Motuan			99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan			100.5
				Urutawan			103.3
			Taitai	Korangan			108.4
		Aptian		Korangan			113
		Aptian					117.5
		Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian					139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					145
		Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Oxfordian					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian					168.2
		Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					174.7
		Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian					208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian						Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian					Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Laoshanian	254.14
								Laoshanian	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
								Laibinian		Vyatkian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	Severodvinian		Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian					Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	Urzhumian		Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian					Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	Kazanian	Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian					Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	Kazanian	Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	Luodianian	273.01
									Filipovian		276.5 *
									Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian						Artinskian	Sarginian		283.5
									Sarginian	Longlinian	285.4 *
									Irginian		285.9 *
									Burtsevian		287.8 *
		Sakmarian						Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian						Sakmarian	Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian						Asselian	Shikhanian	Zisongian	293.52
									Uskalykian		294.8
									Surenian		297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									298.9
		Gzhelian									300.1
		Kasimovian									303.7
		Moscovian									307
		Bashkirian									315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian			Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Niuchehean		Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian	Jiangshanian			489.5
		Paibian	Paibian			494
		Paibian	Paibian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Guzhangian		Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian	Drumian		Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan	Wuliuan/Taijangian			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Duyunian			509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Nangaoian			514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Meishucunian			521
		Fortunian	Meishucunian			529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian			530.7
													538.8