PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126689 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cretaceous Subepochs	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ordovician of North America				Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan													Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan													Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene												Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian												Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian												Middle Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian												Early Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian													Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Late Pliocene		2.58
		Zanclean												Early Pliocene		3.6
		Zanclean												Early Pliocene	Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian												Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Tortonian													Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian												Middle Miocene	Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian													Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian												Early Miocene		15.98
															Hemingfordian	16.3
															Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian								Late Oligocene		23.03
		Rupelian			Kekeamuan									Early Oligocene		27.82
															Whitneyan	29.5
															Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian									Late Eocene	Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian									Late Eocene	Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian			Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan									Middle Eocene	Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian													Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian													Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian													Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian				Bumbanian								Early Eocene	Bridgerian	47.8
															Wasatchian	50.5
															Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Gashatan									Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian			Gashatan									Late Paleocene	Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian												Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian												Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian												Early Paleocene	Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian												Early Paleocene	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Senonian												66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Gallic												100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian		Neocomian												125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian					Epizigzagiceras									168.2
		Bajocian					Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense									168.4
		Aalenian					Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta									174.7
			Planulata				179.3 *
			Planulata				Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
			Kanense					181.3 *
			Carlottense					182.3 *
			Kunae					183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae					184.2
			Freboldi					185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi					Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
								Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras					Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian							192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras				Psiloceras		196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites						196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
		Norian							208.5
		Carnian							227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian							237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian							242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian							Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan							Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian								Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian							Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian							Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian							Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian							Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian								Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian								Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian								Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian								Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian									300.1
		Kasimovian									303.7
		Moscovian									307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian			Gamachian	445.2
					Richmondian	446 *
					Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian					449.8 *
					Edenian						450.4 *
				Mohawkian	Chatfieldian						451.1 *
		Sandbian			Chatfieldian						453
					Turinian						453.7 *
				Whiterockian		Canadian †					Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
		Dapingian										467.3
		Dapingian			Rangerian							469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ibexian	Blackhillsian						Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian			Tulean								473.9 *
		Tremadocian			Tulean								477.7
					Stairsian								480.3 *
					Skullrockian							Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Skullrockian								485.4
																487.5