PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126221 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		European Faunal Units	Cambrian of China	Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan							Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian								0.0042
				Greenlandian								0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene		0.0117
				Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.129
				Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.21
				Calabrian						Early Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.774
				Calabrian							Blancan	1.4
				Gelasian								1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Villanyian		Late Pliocene		2.58
				Piacenzian				Ruscinian		Late Pliocene		3.1 *
				Zanclean						Early Pliocene		3.6
				Zanclean						Early Pliocene	Hemphillian	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian				Turolian		Late Miocene		5.333
				Tortonian				Turolian				7.246
								Vallesian				8.7
								Vallesian			Clarendonian	9.4
				Serravallian				Astaracian		Middle Miocene	Clarendonian	11.63
				Serravallian							Barstovian	12.5
				Langhian								13.82
				Burdigalian				Orleanian		Early Miocene		15.98
											Hemingfordian	16.3
											Arikareean	18.5
								Agenian				20
				Aquitanian				Agenian				20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Late Oligocene		23.03
				Rupelian						Early Oligocene		27.82
											Whitneyan	29.5
											Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian						Late Eocene	Chadronian	33.9
				Priabonian						Late Eocene	Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian						Middle Eocene	Duchesnean	37.71
				Bartonian							Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian							Uintan	41.2
				Lutetian							Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian						Early Eocene	Bridgerian	47.8
											Wasatchian	50.5
											Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian						Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian						Late Paleocene	Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian						Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian						Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian						Early Paleocene	Torrejonian	61.6
				Danian						Early Paleocene	Puercan	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								66
				Campanian								72.1
				Santonian								83.6
				Coniacian								86.3
				Turonian								89.8
				Cenomanian								93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian								100.5
				Aptian								113
				Barremian								121.4
				Hauterivian								125.77
				Valanginian								132.6
				Berriasian								139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								145
				Kimmeridgian								149.2
				Oxfordian								154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
				Bathonian								165.3
				Bajocian								168.2
Aalenian				170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	174.7
			Pliensbachian	184.2
			Sinemurian	192.9
			Hettangian	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	Vokhmian	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Meishanian	251.902
			Changhsingian		Baoqingian	253.4 *
			Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Laoshanian	254.14
			Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Laibinian	257.7 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	Lengwuan	259.51
			Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	Kuhfengian	264.28
			Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	Kuhfengian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		Luodianian	273.01
			Artinskian		Luodianian	283.5
			Artinskian		Longlinian	285.4 *
			Sakmarian		Longlinian	290.1
			Asselian		Zisongian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Zisongian	298.9
			Gzhelian			300.1
			Kasimovian			303.7
			Moscovian			307
			Bashkirian			315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
			Visean			330.9
			Tournaisian			346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
			Pragian			407.6
			Lochkovian			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
		Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
			Aeronian			438.5
			Rhuddanian			440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
			Katian			445.2
			Sandbian			453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian			470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
			Jiangshanian			Jiangshanian		489.5
			Paibian			Paibian		494
			Paibian			Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
			Drumian			Drumian	Wangcunian †	500.5
			Wuliuan			Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4			Duyunian		509
		Series 2	Stage 3			Nangaoian		514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Meishucunian		521
			Fortunian			Meishucunian		529
			Fortunian			Jinnigian		530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran						Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran						Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
												635