PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126662 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian Subages of Germany	Ordovician of North America						Cambrian of China		Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan											Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene										Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian										Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian										Middle Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian										Early Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian											Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Late Pliocene		2.58
		Zanclean										Early Pliocene		3.6
		Zanclean										Early Pliocene	Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian										Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Tortonian											Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian										Middle Miocene	Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian											Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian										Early Miocene		15.98
													Hemingfordian	16.3
													Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Late Oligocene		23.03
		Rupelian										Early Oligocene		27.82
													Whitneyan	29.5
													Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian										Late Eocene	Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian										Late Eocene	Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian										Middle Eocene	Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian											Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian											Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian											Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian										Early Eocene	Bridgerian	47.8
													Wasatchian	50.5
													Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian										Late Paleocene	Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian										Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian										Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian										Early Paleocene	Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian										Early Paleocene	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Pliensbachian												184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Buntsandstein	Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian		Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian		Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Ohre/Aller	Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian	Leine	Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian		Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian		Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian		Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian		Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian		Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian			300.1
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian				Gamachian	445.2
						Richmondian	446 *
						Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
						Edenian		450.4 *
					Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian				Chatfieldian		453
						Turinian		453.7 *
					Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
		Dapingian							467.3
		Dapingian				Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian				Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian				Tulean				477.7
						Stairsian				480.3 *
						Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Skullrockian				Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Stage 10								Niuchehean		487.5
		Jiangshanian								Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian								Paibian		494
		Paibian								Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian								Drumian	Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan								Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Duyunian		509
	Series 2	Stage 3								Nangaoian		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								Meishucunian		521
		Fortunian								Meishucunian		529
		Fortunian								Jinnigian		530.7
														538.8