PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permian Subages of Germany	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cambrian of China		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Devonian of Eastern North America	North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan											Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Sheridanian										0.0117
				Late Pleistocene											Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian											Rancholabrean	0.129
				Chibanian		Cudahyan/Sappan									Irvingtonian	0.21
				Calabrian		Cudahyan/Sappan									Irvingtonian	0.774
				Calabrian		Senecan/Rexroadian									Blancan	1.4
				Gelasian												1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Tertiary †					2.58
				Zanclean												3.6
				Zanclean		Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian									Hemphillian	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian												5.333
				Tortonian												7.246
				Tortonian		Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian									Clarendonian	9.4
				Serravallian		Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian									Clarendonian	11.63
				Serravallian		late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian									Barstovian	12.5
				Langhian												13.82
				Burdigalian												15.98
						Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian									Hemingfordian	16.3
						late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian								Arikareean	18.5
				Aquitanian												20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
							Monroecreekian									23.1 *
							Geringian									24.7 *
				Rupelian			Geringian									27.82
															Whitneyan	29.5
															Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian									Chadronian	33.9
				Priabonian											Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian											Duchesnean	37.71
				Bartonian		Late Uintan/Early Uintan									Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian		Late Uintan/Early Uintan									Uintan	41.2
				Lutetian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									Bridgerian	47.8
						Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean									Wasatchian	50.5
								Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1							Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1							Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian				To3/To2/To1							Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian				To3/To2/To1							Torrejonian	61.6
				Danian				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1							Puercan	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
				Campanian												72.1
				Santonian												83.6
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian												93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
				Aptian												113
				Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian												125.77
				Valanginian												132.6
				Berriasian												139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
				Kimmeridgian												149.2
				Oxfordian												154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
				Bathonian												165.3
				Bajocian												168.2
				Aalenian												170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	174.7
			Pliensbachian	184.2
			Sinemurian	192.9
			Hettangian	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Buntsandstein	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Buntsandstein	Longtanian †				254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Ohre/Aller					259.51
			Wordian	Leine					264.28
			Roadian						266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
			Artinskian						283.5
			Sakmarian						290.1
			Asselian						293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
			Kasimovian						303.7
			Moscovian						307
			Bashkirian						315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
			Visean						330.9
			Tournaisian						346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				West Fallsian/Sonyean		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Southwoodian		Cazenovian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian	393.3
			Pragian							407.6
			Lochkovian							410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
		Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
			Aeronian			438.5
			Rhuddanian			440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
			Katian			445.2
			Sandbian			453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian			470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Niuchehean		Taoyuanian †		485.4
			Jiangshanian			Jiangshanian				489.5
			Paibian			Paibian				494
			Paibian			Paibian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Guzhangian		Wangcunian †		Series 3 †	497
			Drumian			Drumian		Wangcunian †			500.5
			Wuliuan		Wuliuan/Taijangian			Stage 5 †			504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4		Duyunian						509
		Series 2	Stage 3		Nangaoian						514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Meishucunian						521
			Fortunian		Meishucunian						529
			Fortunian		Jinnigian						530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																635