PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126700 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of Western Europe	South American Land Mammal Ages		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan					Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian						0.0042
		Greenlandian						0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Lujanian				0.0117
		Late Pleistocene					Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian					Rancholabrean	0.129
							Irvingtonian	0.21
				Ensenadan				0.3 *
		Calabrian						0.774
							Blancan	1.4
				Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian		Sanandresian				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Vorohuean				2.58
		Piacenzian		Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
		Zanclean		Chapadmalalan				3.6
				Montehermosan				3.7 *
				Montehermosan			Hemphillian	4.7
				Huayquerian				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian						5.333
		Tortonian						7.246
				Chasicoan				7.9 *
				Chasicoan			Clarendonian	9.4
				Mayoan				9.9 *
				Laventan				10.9 *
		Serravallian						11.63
							Barstovian	12.5
				Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian		Colloncuran				13.82
		Langhian		Friasian				15.4 *
		Burdigalian		Friasian				15.98
				Santacrucian				16.2 *
				Santacrucian			Hemingfordian	16.3
				Colhuehuapian			Hemingfordian	17.4 *
							Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian						20.44
		Aquitanian		Deseadan				20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						23.03
		Rupelian						27.82
				Tinguirirican				28.9 *
							Whitneyan	29.5
							Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian					Chadronian	33.9
				Divisaderan			Chadronian	35.9 *
							Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian					Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian					Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian						41.2
				Mustersan				41.9 *
							Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian						47.8
				Casamayoran				47.9 *
							Wasatchian	50.5
							Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Riochican			Clarkforkian	56
				Riochican			Tiffanian	56.2
				Itaboraian				56.9 *
				Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian						59.2
		Selandian					Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian						61.6
				Tiupampan				62.4 *
				Tiupampan			Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						66
		Campanian	72.1
		Santonian	83.6
		Coniacian	86.3
		Turonian	89.8
		Cenomanian	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	100.5
		Aptian	113
		Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	145
		Kimmeridgian	149.2
		Oxfordian	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	161.5
		Bathonian	165.3
		Bajocian	168.2
		Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Vokhmian		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Zechstein		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Rotliegendes		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian	Autunian			283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
		Katian				445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Datsonian		485.4
		Stage 10		Payntonian		486.8 *
		Jiangshanian		Iverian		489.5
		Paibian		Idamean		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Mindyallan		497
		Guzhangian		Boomerangian		499
		Drumian		Undillan		500.5
		Drumian		Floran		503
		Wuliuan		Templetonian		504.5
		Wuliuan		Ordian		507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4		Ordian		509
								510.8 *