PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126689 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of China	Carboniferous Subepochs	Permian of Western Europe	Cambrian of China		Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan							Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian								0.0042
		Greenlandian								0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian						Early Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian							Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Late Pliocene		2.58
		Zanclean						Early Pliocene		3.6
		Zanclean						Early Pliocene	Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian						Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian								7.246
		Tortonian							Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian						Middle Miocene	Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian							Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian								13.82
		Burdigalian						Early Miocene		15.98
									Hemingfordian	16.3
									Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Late Oligocene		23.03
		Rupelian						Early Oligocene		27.82
									Whitneyan	29.5
									Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian						Late Eocene	Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian						Late Eocene	Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian						Middle Eocene	Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian							Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian							Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian							Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian						Early Eocene	Bridgerian	47.8
									Wasatchian	50.5
									Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian						Late Paleocene	Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian						Early Paleocene	Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian						Early Paleocene	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								66
		Campanian								72.1
		Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								100.5
		Aptian								113
		Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian								139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								145
		Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Oxfordian								154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian								168.2
		Aalenian								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								174.7
		Pliensbachian								184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian	Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian	Laoshanian	Zechstein	254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Laibinian	Zechstein	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Lengwuan	Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian	Kuhfengian		264.28
		Roadian	Kuhfengian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Luodianian		273.01
		Artinskian	Luodianian	Autunian	283.5
		Artinskian	Longlinian		285.4 *
		Sakmarian	Longlinian		290.1
		Asselian	Zisongian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Zisongian	Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
		Gzhelian				300.1
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian		Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Late Mississippian		323.2
		Visean		Middle Mississippian		330.9
		Tournaisian		Early Mississippian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
		Katian				445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian				Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian				Paibian		494
		Paibian				Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian				Drumian	Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan				Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Duyunian		509
	Series 2	Stage 3				Nangaoian		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Meishucunian		521
		Fortunian				Meishucunian		529
		Fortunian				Jinnigian		530.7
										538.8