PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126662 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of North America		Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian of China	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan					Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian						0.0042
		Greenlandian						0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene		Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene		Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian			Early Pleistocene		Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian					Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian						1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene			2.58
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene			3.6
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene		Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene			5.333
		Tortonian						7.246
		Tortonian					Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian			Middle Miocene		Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian					Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian						13.82
		Burdigalian			Early Miocene			15.98
							Hemingfordian	16.3
							Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian						20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene			23.03
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene			27.82
							Whitneyan	29.5
							Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Eocene		Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian			Late Eocene		Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian			Middle Eocene		Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian					Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian					Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian					Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian			Early Eocene		Bridgerian	47.8
							Wasatchian	50.5
							Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Late Paleocene		Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian			Late Paleocene		Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene		Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene		Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian			Early Paleocene		Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian			Early Paleocene		Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						66
		Campanian						72.1
		Santonian						83.6
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						100.5
		Aptian						113
		Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						145
		Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian	Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian	Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian	Lengwuan		259.51
		Wordian	Wordian	Kuhfengian		264.28
		Roadian	Roadian	Kuhfengian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian	Cathedralian		Luodianian		273.01
		Kungurian		Hessian				281.9 *
		Artinskian						283.5
						Longlinian		285.4 *
			Wolfcampian	Lenoxian				286.1 *
		Sakmarian		Lenoxian				290.1
		Asselian		Nealian		Zisongian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Zisongian		298.9
								300.1