PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126689 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ordovician of North America		Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan															Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan															Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene														Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian														Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian														Middle Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian														Early Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian															Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														Late Pliocene		2.58
		Zanclean														Early Pliocene		3.6
		Zanclean														Early Pliocene	Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian														Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian																7.246
		Tortonian															Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian														Middle Miocene	Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian															Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian																13.82
		Burdigalian														Early Miocene		15.98
																	Hemingfordian	16.3
																	Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian						Late Oligocene		23.03
		Rupelian							Kekeamuan							Early Oligocene		27.82
																	Whitneyan	29.5
																	Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian							Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian							Late Eocene	Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian							Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian							Late Eocene	Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian							Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan							Middle Eocene	Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian															Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian															Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian															Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian								Bumbanian						Early Eocene	Bridgerian	47.8
																	Wasatchian	50.5
																	Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Gashatan							Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian							Gashatan							Late Paleocene	Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian														Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian														Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian														Early Paleocene	Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian														Early Paleocene	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																66
		Campanian																72.1
		Santonian																83.6
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
		Cenomanian																93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																100.5
		Aptian																113
		Barremian																121.4
		Hauterivian																125.77
		Valanginian																132.6
		Berriasian																139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																145
		Kimmeridgian																149.2
		Oxfordian																154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
		Bathonian																165.3
		Bajocian									Epizigzagiceras							168.2
		Bajocian									Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense							168.4
		Aalenian									Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta							174.7
			Planulata	179.3 *
			Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
			Kanense		181.3 *
			Carlottense		182.3 *
			Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae		184.2
			Freboldi		185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
					Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian				192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras		196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian				Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian				Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian				Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian				Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian				Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian				Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian				Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian				Zisongian	293.52
		Asselian					Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
								300.1
							Stephanian	Stephanian C			300.3 *
								Stephanian B		300.9 *
								Stephanian A		301.4 *
		Kasimovian						Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian						Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian						Cantabrian	307
							Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
								Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian						Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
							Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Chokierian	323.2
								Arnsbergian	324 *
								Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean					Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
							Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
							Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian					Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian					Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Kosovian	Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian			Kralodvorian				Bohdalec †		Gamachian	445.2
					Kralodvorian						Richmondian	446 *
			Berounian	449.7 *							Richmondian
				Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian						449.8 *
				Edenian							450.4 *
				Mohawkian						Chatfieldian	451.1 *
		Sandbian								Chatfieldian	453
										Turinian	453.7 *
										Turinian	Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
				Whiterockian						Canadian †	Zahorany †/Vinice		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
									Liben †					458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian												458.4
			Dobrotivian											458.5 *
			Oretanian											459.7 *
									Sarka †					461.7 *
		Dapingian							Klabava †					467.3
			Arenigian											468
					Rangerian									469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ibexian	Blackhillsian								Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian			Tulean										473.9 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadocian		Tulean										477.7
					Stairsian										480.3 *
					Skullrockian									Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Skullrockian									485.4
																		487.5