PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126689 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Cretaceous Subepochs	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ordovician of North America		Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan												Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene											Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian											Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian											Middle Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian											Early Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian												Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Late Pliocene		2.58
		Zanclean											Early Pliocene		3.6
		Zanclean											Early Pliocene	Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian											Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian												Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian											Middle Miocene	Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian												Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian											Early Miocene		15.98
														Hemingfordian	16.3
														Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian						Late Oligocene		23.03
		Rupelian				Kekeamuan							Early Oligocene		27.82
														Whitneyan	29.5
														Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian							Late Eocene	Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian							Late Eocene	Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan							Middle Eocene	Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian												Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian												Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian												Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian					Bumbanian						Early Eocene	Bridgerian	47.8
														Wasatchian	50.5
														Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Gashatan							Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian				Gashatan							Late Paleocene	Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian											Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian											Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian											Early Paleocene	Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian											Early Paleocene	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Senonian										66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Gallic										100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian			Neocomian										125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian						Epizigzagiceras							168.2
		Bajocian						Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense							168.4
		Aalenian						Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta							174.7
			Planulata	179.3 *
			Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi				179.8 *
			Kanense					181.3 *
			Carlottense					182.3 *
			Kunae					183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae					184.2
			Freboldi					185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi					Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
								Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras					Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian							192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras					196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites						196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
		Norian							208.5
		Carnian							227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian							237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian							242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian							247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan							251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian							Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian							Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian							Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian							Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian							Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian							Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian							Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian							Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian							Zisongian	293.52
		Asselian								Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									298.9
											300.1
										Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
							Stephanian B				300.9 *
							Stephanian A				301.4 *
		Kasimovian				303.7	Stephanian A
		Kasimovian				Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian				Cantabrian	307
						Westphalian	Westphalian D			307.4 *
							Westphalian C			309.8
							Westphalian B			314.6
		Bashkirian					Westphalian B			315.2
							Westphalian A			317 *
						Namurian	Yeadonian			318.8 *
							Marsdenian			320.2 *
							Kinderscoutian			321.5 *
							Alportian			322 *
							Chokierian			323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chokierian			323.2
							Arnsbergian			324 *
							Pendleian			327.4 *
		Visean			Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
					Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
					Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian			Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian			Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Cincinnatian			Gamachian	443.8
		Katian						445.2		Gamachian
								Richmondian		446 *
			Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian				449.8 *
			Edenian					450.4 *
			Mohawkian				Chatfieldian	451.1 *
		Sandbian					Chatfieldian	453
							Turinian	453.7 *
			Whiterockian				Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor		457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
		Dapingian								467.3
		Dapingian		Rangerian						469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian	Blackhillsian				Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
		Floian		Tulean							473.9 *
		Tremadocian		Tulean							477.7
				Stairsian							480.3 *
				Skullrockian						Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Skullrockian							485.4
															487.5