PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of North America	Silurian of North America			Cambrian of Britain		Ten Million Year Bins	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Cenozoic 6	Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan								Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									0.0117
		Late Pleistocene								Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian								Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian								Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian								Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian								Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									2.58
		Zanclean									3.6
		Zanclean								Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian									5.333
		Tortonian									7.246
		Tortonian								Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian							Cenozoic 5	Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian								Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian									13.82
		Burdigalian									15.98
										Hemingfordian	16.3
										Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Cenozoic 4		23.03
		Rupelian									27.82
										Whitneyan	29.5
										Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian							Cenozoic 3	Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian								Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian								Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian								Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian							Cenozoic 2	Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian								Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian								Bridgerian	47.8
										Wasatchian	50.5
										Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Cenozoic 1	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian								Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian								Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian								Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian								Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian								Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Cretaceous 8		66
		Campanian							Cretaceous 7		72.1
		Santonian							Cretaceous 6		83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian							Cretaceous 5		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Cretaceous 4		100.5
		Aptian							Cretaceous 3		113
		Barremian							Cretaceous 2		121.4
		Hauterivian							Cretaceous 2		125.77
		Valanginian							Cretaceous 1		132.6
		Berriasian							Cretaceous 1		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Jurassic 6		145
		Kimmeridgian							Jurassic 5		149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian							Jurassic 4		165.3
		Bajocian							Jurassic 4		168.2
		Aalenian							Jurassic 3		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							Jurassic 3		174.7
		Pliensbachian							Jurassic 2		184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4	208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2	273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian	Bursumian †	Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Virgilian	Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Kasimovian	Missourian		303.7
		Kasimovian	Desmoinesian		305.9 *
		Moscovian	Desmoinesian	Carboniferous 4	307
		Moscovian	Atokan		312.7 *
		Bashkirian	Atokan		315.2
		Bashkirian	Morrowan		318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian	Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean	Chesterian	Carboniferous 2	330.9
			Meramecian		335.8 *
			Osagean		343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Osagean	Carboniferous 1	346.7
		Tournaisian	Kinderhookian	Carboniferous 1	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian		Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian		Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Cayugan	Silurian 2	419.2
	Pridoli			Niagaran		422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			Ontarian	Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
							Alexandrian	438.7 *
				Medinan	Clinton			440.1 *
								440.7 *
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian					Ordovician 5	445.2
		Sandbian					Ordovician 4	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Ordovician 3	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Ordovician 2	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					Ordovician 1	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Cambrian 5	485.4
		Stage 10						Festiniogian		489.2 *
		Jiangshanian						Festiniogian		489.5
		Jiangshanian						Maentwrogian		493.1 *
		Paibian						Maentwrogian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					St Davids		Cambrian 4	497
		Drumian							Cambrian 4	500.5
		Wuliuan							Cambrian 3	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Caerfai		Cambrian 3	509
	Series 2	Stage 3							Cambrian 2	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							Cambrian 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							Cambrian 1	529
											538.8