PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126662 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of France	Ten Million Year Bins	Permian of Western Europe	Cambrian of China		Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian of China	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Cenozoic 6						Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan								Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene		Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene		Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian						Early Pleistocene		Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian								Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Late Pliocene			2.58
		Zanclean						Early Pliocene			3.6
		Zanclean						Early Pliocene		Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian						Late Miocene			5.333
		Tortonian									7.246
		Tortonian								Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian		Cenozoic 5				Middle Miocene		Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian								Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian									13.82
		Burdigalian						Early Miocene			15.98
										Hemingfordian	16.3
										Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Cenozoic 4				Late Oligocene			23.03
		Rupelian						Early Oligocene			27.82
										Whitneyan	29.5
										Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian		Cenozoic 3				Late Eocene		Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian						Late Eocene		Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian						Middle Eocene		Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian								Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian		Cenozoic 2						Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian								Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian						Early Eocene		Bridgerian	47.8
										Wasatchian	50.5
										Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Cenozoic 1				Late Paleocene		Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian						Late Paleocene		Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene		Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene		Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian						Early Paleocene		Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian						Early Paleocene		Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Cretaceous 8							66
		Campanian		Cretaceous 7							72.1
		Santonian		Cretaceous 6							83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian		Cretaceous 5							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Cretaceous 4							100.5
		Aptian		Cretaceous 3							113
		Barremian		Cretaceous 2							121.4
		Hauterivian		Cretaceous 2							125.77
		Valanginian		Cretaceous 1							132.6
		Berriasian		Cretaceous 1							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Jurassic 6							145
		Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5							149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian		Jurassic 4							165.3
		Bajocian		Jurassic 4							168.2
		Aalenian		Jurassic 3							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Jurassic 3							174.7
		Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2							184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4	208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4	Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian		Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian		Zechstein	Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Zechstein	Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Rotliegendes	Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian			Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3		Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2		Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian		Autunian	Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian			Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian			Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1		Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5		Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian				300.1
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4			307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3			323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2			330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Famennian			Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Frasnian			Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian			Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Couvinien			Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian				Devonian 1	407.6
		Pragian	Coblencien				408.2 *
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Silurian 2	419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian				Ordovician 5	445.2
		Sandbian				Ordovician 4	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Ordovician 3	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Ordovician 2	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				Ordovician 1	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Cambrian 5	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian					Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian					Paibian		494
		Paibian					Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Cambrian 4	Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian				Cambrian 4	Drumian	Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan				Cambrian 3	Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Cambrian 3	Duyunian		509
	Series 2	Stage 3				Cambrian 2	Nangaoian		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Cambrian 2	Meishucunian		521
		Fortunian				Cambrian 1	Meishucunian		529
		Fortunian				Cambrian 1	Jinnigian		530.7
											538.8