PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126701 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of France	European Faunal Zones	Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan				Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian					0.0042
		Greenlandian					0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian			Early Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian				Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian		MN 17			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		MN 16	Late Pliocene		2.58
		Piacenzian		MN 15	Late Pliocene		3.2
		Zanclean		MN 15	Early Pliocene		3.6
				MN 14			4.2
				MN 14		Hemphillian	4.7
				MN 13			4.9
	Miocene	Messinian		MN 13	Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian		MN 12			7.246
				MN 11			7.75
				MN 10			8.7
				MN 10		Clarendonian	9.4
				MN 9			9.7
				MN 7 + 8			11.1
		Serravallian			Middle Miocene		11.63
						Barstovian	12.5
				MN 6			12.8 *
		Langhian		MN 5			13.82
		Burdigalian		MN 4	Early Miocene		15.98
				MN 4		Hemingfordian	16.3
				MN 3		Hemingfordian	16.9
				MN 3		Arikareean	18.5
				MN 2			20
		Aquitanian		MN 2			20.44
		Aquitanian		MN 1			22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene		23.03
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene		27.82
						Whitneyan	29.5
						Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Eocene	Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian			Late Eocene	Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian			Middle Eocene	Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian				Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian				Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian				Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian			Early Eocene	Bridgerian	47.8
						Wasatchian	50.5
						Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian			Late Paleocene	Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian			Early Paleocene	Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian			Early Paleocene	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					66
		Campanian					72.1
		Santonian					83.6
		Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian					89.8
		Cenomanian					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					100.5
		Aptian					113
		Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	145
		Kimmeridgian	149.2
		Oxfordian	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	161.5
		Bathonian	165.3
		Bajocian	168.2
		Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9
		Kasimovian	303.7
		Moscovian	307
		Bashkirian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Pragian	Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Datsonian	485.4
		Stage 10		Payntonian	486.8 *
		Jiangshanian		Iverian	489.5
		Paibian		Idamean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Mindyallan	497
		Guzhangian		Boomerangian	499
		Drumian		Undillan	500.5
		Drumian		Floran	503
		Wuliuan		Templetonian	504.5
		Wuliuan		Ordian	507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4		Ordian	509
							510.8 *