PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126689 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Germany	Permian of the Russian Platform		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Permian of Western Europe	Cambrian of China		Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan									Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Tarantian				Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Tarantian				Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian				Ionian				Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian				Ionian				Middle Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian								Early Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian									Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Late Pliocene		2.58
		Zanclean								Early Pliocene		3.6
		Zanclean								Early Pliocene	Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian								Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Tortonian									Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian								Middle Miocene	Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian									Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian								Early Miocene		15.98
											Hemingfordian	16.3
											Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Late Oligocene		23.03
		Rupelian								Early Oligocene		27.82
											Whitneyan	29.5
											Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian								Late Eocene	Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian								Late Eocene	Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian								Middle Eocene	Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian									Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian									Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian									Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian								Early Eocene	Bridgerian	47.8
											Wasatchian	50.5
											Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian								Late Paleocene	Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian								Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian								Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian								Early Paleocene	Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian								Early Paleocene	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian	Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian	Zechstein	Laoshanian	254.14
				Laoshanian	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
				Laibinian		Vyatkian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Severodvinian	Rotliegendes		Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian	Urzhumian			Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian	Kazanian		Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian	Kazanian		Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kungurian		Irenian/Ufimian	Luodianian	273.01
					Filipovian		276.5 *
					Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian	Artinskian	Sarginian	Autunian		283.5
				Sarginian		Longlinian	285.4 *
				Irginian			285.9 *
				Burtsevian			287.8 *
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian			290.1
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Tastubian			291.7 *
		Asselian	Asselian	Shikhanian		Zisongian	293.52
				Uskalykian			294.8
				Surenian			297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Gzhelian					300.1
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian	393.3
		Pragian					Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian						Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian						Paibian		494
		Paibian						Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian						Drumian	Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan						Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Duyunian		509
	Series 2	Stage 3						Nangaoian		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						Meishucunian		521
		Fortunian						Meishucunian		529
		Fortunian						Jinnigian		530.7
												538.8