PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126679 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Germany	Ordovician of the Baltic				North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Ordovician of North America				Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan														Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan														Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Sheridanian							Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene													Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian													Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian						Cudahyan/Sappan							Middle Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian						Cudahyan/Sappan							Early Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian						Senecan/Rexroadian								Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													Late Pliocene		2.58
		Zanclean													Early Pliocene		3.6
		Zanclean						Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian							Early Pliocene	Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian													Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
		Tortonian						Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian						Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							Middle Miocene	Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian						late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian								Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian													Early Miocene		15.98
								Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian								Hemingfordian	16.3
								late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian							Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													Late Oligocene		23.03
									Monroecreekian								23.1 *
									Geringian								24.7 *
		Rupelian							Geringian						Early Oligocene		27.82
																Whitneyan	29.5
																Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian						Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian							Late Eocene	Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian													Late Eocene	Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian													Middle Eocene	Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian						Late Uintan/Early Uintan								Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian						Late Uintan/Early Uintan								Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian						Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian						Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							Early Eocene	Bridgerian	47.8
								Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean								Wasatchian	50.5
										Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian								Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1					Late Paleocene	Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian								Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1					Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian								To3/To2/To1					Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian								To3/To2/To1					Early Paleocene	Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian								Pu3/Pu2/Pu1					Early Paleocene	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
		Campanian															72.1
		Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
		Aptian															113
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
		Kimmeridgian															149.2
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Bathonian															165.3
		Bajocian															168.2
		Aalenian															170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian	Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian	Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian	Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian	Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian	Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian	Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian	Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian	Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian		300.1
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Emsian	393.3
		Pragian		Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Harju	Porkuni	Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian				Pirgu		Gamachian	445.2
						Pirgu		Richmondian	446 *
						Vormsi		Richmondian	449.6 *
						Vormsi		Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
						Nabala		Maysvillian		Johvi †	450 *
						Nabala		Edenian			450.4 *
					Viru	Rakvere		Edenian			450.6 *
						Rakvere	Mohawkian	Chatfieldian			451.1 *
						Oandu					452 *
		Sandbian				Keila				Idavere †	453
						Keila		Turinian			453.7 *
						Haljala					453.9
						Kukruse					456.4 *
						Kukruse	Whiterockian		Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
						Uhaku				Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Uhaku						458.4
						Lasnamagi						458.9 *
						Aseri						460.4 *
					Oeland	Kunda						462.9 *
						Kunda				Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
						Volkhov						Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian											467.3
								Rangerian					469.1 *
						Billingen		Rangerian					469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Ibexian	Blackhillsian			Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
										Latorp †				470.1 *
						Hunneberg								473.7 *
								Tulean						473.9 *
		Tremadocian						Tulean						477.7
								Stairsian						480.3 *
						Varangu		Stairsian						481.3 *
						Varangu		Skullrockian					Demingian †	482 *
						Pakerort							Demingian †	482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Pakerort								485.4
														486.3 *
														486.5
																	487.5