PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126689 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Eastern North America		Permian of China	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Ammonite Chrons of North America		Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Sheridanian					Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene									Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian									Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian				Cudahyan/Sappan					Middle Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian				Cudahyan/Sappan					Early Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian				Senecan/Rexroadian						Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Late Pliocene		2.58
		Zanclean									Early Pliocene		3.6
		Zanclean				Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					Early Pliocene	Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian									Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Tortonian				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					Middle Miocene	Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian				late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian									Early Miocene		15.98
						Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						Hemingfordian	16.3
						late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Late Oligocene		23.03
							Monroecreekian						23.1 *
							Geringian						24.7 *
		Rupelian					Geringian				Early Oligocene		27.82
												Whitneyan	29.5
												Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian				Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					Late Eocene	Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian									Late Eocene	Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian									Middle Eocene	Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian				Late Uintan/Early Uintan						Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian				Late Uintan/Early Uintan						Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian				Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian				Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					Early Eocene	Bridgerian	47.8
						Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						Wasatchian	50.5
								Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			Late Paleocene	Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian						To3/To2/To1			Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian						To3/To2/To1			Early Paleocene	Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian						Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			Early Paleocene	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian							Epizigzagiceras				168.2
		Bajocian							Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense				168.4
		Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
			Planulata	179.3 *
			Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
			Kanense		181.3 *
			Carlottense		182.3 *
			Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae		184.2
			Freboldi		185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras				186.2 *
					Tetraspidoceras				189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis				190.3 *
		Sinemurian							192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras					196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites						196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
		Norian							208.5
		Carnian							227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian							237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian							242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian							247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan							251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian							Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian							Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian							Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian					Kuhfengian		264.28
		Roadian					Kuhfengian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Luodianian		273.01
		Artinskian					Luodianian		283.5
		Artinskian					Longlinian		285.4 *
		Sakmarian					Longlinian		290.1
		Asselian					Zisongian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Zisongian		298.9
		Gzhelian							300.1
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				West Fallsian/Sonyean			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Southwoodian		Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
													419.2