PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126689 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Eastern North America		Devonian of France	Carboniferous of North America	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Ordovician of North America						Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan														Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan														Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene													Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian													Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian													Middle Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian													Early Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian														Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													Late Pliocene		2.58
		Zanclean													Early Pliocene		3.6
		Zanclean													Early Pliocene	Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian													Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
		Tortonian														Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian													Middle Miocene	Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian														Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian													Early Miocene		15.98
																Hemingfordian	16.3
																Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													Late Oligocene		23.03
		Rupelian													Early Oligocene		27.82
																Whitneyan	29.5
																Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian													Late Eocene	Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian													Late Eocene	Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian													Middle Eocene	Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian														Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian														Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian														Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian													Early Eocene	Bridgerian	47.8
																Wasatchian	50.5
																Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian													Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian													Late Paleocene	Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian													Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian													Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian													Early Paleocene	Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian													Early Paleocene	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
		Campanian															72.1
		Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
		Aptian															113
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
		Kimmeridgian															149.2
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Bathonian															165.3
		Bajocian					Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites										168.2
		Bajocian						Humphresianum									168.4
		Aalenian					Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense									174.7
				180.1			Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons
				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum	182
		Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni	184.2
		Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi	192.9
		Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian			Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian			Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian			Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian			Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian			Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian			Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian			Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian			Bursumian †	Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Virgilian	Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian			Virgilian		300.1
		Kasimovian			Missourian		303.7
		Kasimovian			Desmoinesian		305.9 *
		Moscovian			Desmoinesian		307
		Moscovian			Atokan		312.7 *
		Bashkirian			Atokan		315.2
		Bashkirian			Morrowan		318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chesterian		323.2
		Visean			Chesterian		330.9
					Meramecian		335.8 *
					Osagean		343.1 *
		Tournaisian			Osagean		346.7
		Tournaisian			Kinderhookian		351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			West Fallsian/Sonyean		Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian		Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Southwoodian		Cazenovian		Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian			393.3
		Pragian								407.6
		Pragian							Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian							Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian									Gamachian	445.2
											Richmondian	446 *
											Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
											Edenian		450.4 *
										Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian									Chatfieldian		453
											Turinian		453.7 *
										Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian												458.4
		Dapingian	467.3
		Dapingian	Rangerian								469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian							Blackhillsian	Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
		Floian								Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian								Tulean				477.7
				Stairsian						480.3 *
				Skullrockian						Demingian †			482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Skullrockian									485.4
																	487.5