PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126679 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian of England		Permian of North America		Cambrian of Siberia			Permian of Western Europe	Cambrian of China		Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian of China	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan													Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan													Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Late Pleistocene			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene											Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian											Middle Pleistocene		Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian											Middle Pleistocene		Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian											Early Pleistocene		Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian													Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Late Pliocene			2.58
		Zanclean											Early Pliocene			3.6
		Zanclean											Early Pliocene		Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian											Late Miocene			5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Tortonian													Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian											Middle Miocene		Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian													Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian											Early Miocene			15.98
															Hemingfordian	16.3
															Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Late Oligocene			23.03
		Rupelian											Early Oligocene			27.82
															Whitneyan	29.5
															Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian											Late Eocene		Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian											Late Eocene		Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian											Middle Eocene		Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian													Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian													Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian													Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian											Early Eocene		Bridgerian	47.8
															Wasatchian	50.5
															Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian											Late Paleocene		Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian											Late Paleocene		Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian											Middle Paleocene		Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian											Middle Paleocene		Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian											Early Paleocene		Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian											Early Paleocene		Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian														168.2
		Aalenian														170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
		Pliensbachian														184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian	Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian	Zechstein	Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Zechstein	Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian	Rotliegendes	Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian	Wordian		Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian	Roadian		Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian		Cathedralian	Luodianian	273.01
		Kungurian			Hessian		281.9 *
		Artinskian		Autunian			283.5
						Longlinian	285.4 *
			Wolfcampian		Lenoxian		286.1 *
		Sakmarian			Lenoxian		290.1
		Asselian			Nealian	Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian					300.1
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian							425.6
		Gorstian						Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian						Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian					Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Telychian							436.3 *
		Aeronian							438.5
		Aeronian					Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian					Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
		Tremadocian							477.7
		Tremadocian							Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian							Batyrbaian			Jiangshanian		489.5
									Aksaian					490.7 *
									Sakian					492.2 *
		Paibian										Paibian		494
											Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian			494.7 *
											Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Ayusokkanian			Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Guzhangian							Mayan/Menevian			Guzhangian		499.5
		Drumian							Mayan/Menevian			Drumian		500.5
		Wuliuan							Amgan/Solvan			Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							Amgan/Solvan			Duyunian		509
									Toyonian	Lenian †				510 *
									Botomian					512.5 *
		Stage 3							Botomian			Nangaoian		514
		Stage 3							Atdabanian			Nangaoian		515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							Tommotian			Meishucunian		521
		Stage 2							Nemakit-Daldynian					525.5
		Fortunian								Manykaian †				529
		Fortunian								Manykaian †		Jinnigian		530.7
																538.8