PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126679 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian of England		Ordovician of the Baltic				South American Land Mammal Ages		Ordovician of North America					Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan															Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan															Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Lujanian							Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene														Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian														Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.129
																	Irvingtonian	0.21
									Ensenadan									0.3 *
		Calabrian														Early Pleistocene		0.774
																	Blancan	1.4
									Sanandresian	Uquian †								1.7 *
		Gelasian							Sanandresian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Vorohuean							Late Pliocene		2.58
		Piacenzian							Chapadmalalan							Late Pliocene		2.9 *
		Zanclean							Chapadmalalan							Early Pliocene		3.6
									Montehermosan									3.7 *
									Montehermosan								Hemphillian	4.7
									Huayquerian									4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian														Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian																7.246
									Chasicoan									7.9 *
									Chasicoan								Clarendonian	9.4
									Mayoan									9.9 *
									Laventan									10.9 *
		Serravallian														Middle Miocene		11.63
																	Barstovian	12.5
									Colloncuran									13.7 *
		Langhian							Colloncuran									13.82
		Langhian							Friasian									15.4 *
		Burdigalian							Friasian							Early Miocene		15.98
									Santacrucian									16.2 *
									Santacrucian								Hemingfordian	16.3
									Colhuehuapian								Hemingfordian	17.4 *
																	Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian																20.44
		Aquitanian							Deseadan									20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														Late Oligocene		23.03
		Rupelian														Early Oligocene		27.82
									Tinguirirican									28.9 *
																	Whitneyan	29.5
																	Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian														Late Eocene	Chadronian	33.9
									Divisaderan								Chadronian	35.9 *
																	Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian														Middle Eocene	Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian															Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian																41.2
									Mustersan									41.9 *
																	Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian														Early Eocene		47.8
									Casamayoran									47.9 *
																	Wasatchian	50.5
																	Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Riochican							Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	56
									Riochican								Tiffanian	56.2
									Itaboraian									56.9 *
									Peligran									58.9 *
		Selandian														Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Selandian														Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian														Early Paleocene		61.6
									Tiupampan									62.4 *
									Tiupampan								Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																66
		Campanian	72.1
		Santonian	83.6
		Coniacian	86.3
		Turonian	89.8
		Cenomanian	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	100.5
		Aptian	113
		Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	145
		Kimmeridgian	149.2
		Oxfordian	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	161.5
		Bathonian	165.3
		Bajocian	168.2
		Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian	Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian	Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian	Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian	Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian	Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian	Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian	Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian	Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian		300.1
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian				425.6
		Gorstian			Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian			Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian		Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Telychian				436.3 *
		Aeronian				438.5
		Aeronian		Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian		Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Harju	Porkuni	Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian					Pirgu		Gamachian	445.2
							Pirgu		Richmondian	446 *
							Vormsi		Richmondian	449.6 *
							Vormsi		Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
							Nabala		Maysvillian		Johvi †	450 *
							Nabala		Edenian			450.4 *
						Viru	Rakvere		Edenian			450.6 *
							Rakvere	Mohawkian	Chatfieldian			451.1 *
							Oandu					452 *
		Sandbian					Keila				Idavere †	453
							Keila		Turinian			453.7 *
							Haljala					453.9
							Kukruse					456.4 *
							Kukruse	Whiterockian		Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
							Uhaku				Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Uhaku						458.4
							Lasnamagi						458.9 *
							Aseri						460.4 *
						Oeland	Kunda						462.9 *
							Kunda				Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
							Volkhov						Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian												467.3
									Rangerian					469.1 *
							Billingen		Rangerian					469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Ibexian	Blackhillsian			Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
											Latorp †				470.1 *
							Hunneberg								473.7 *
									Tulean						473.9 *
		Tremadocian							Tulean						477.7
									Stairsian						480.3 *
							Varangu		Stairsian						481.3 *
							Varangu		Skullrockian					Demingian †	482 *
							Pakerort							Demingian †	482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Pakerort								485.4
															486.3 *
															486.5
																		487.5