PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126689 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of the Baltic				Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Permian of China	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Ammonite Chrons of North America	Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan												Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Sheridanian				Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene											Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian											Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian							Cudahyan/Sappan				Middle Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian							Cudahyan/Sappan				Early Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian							Senecan/Rexroadian					Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Late Pliocene		2.58
		Zanclean											Early Pliocene		3.6
		Zanclean							Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				Early Pliocene	Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian											Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian							Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian							Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				Middle Miocene	Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian							late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian					Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian											Early Miocene		15.98
									Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					Hemingfordian	16.3
									late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian				Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Late Oligocene		23.03
										Monroecreekian					23.1 *
										Geringian					24.7 *
		Rupelian								Geringian			Early Oligocene		27.82
														Whitneyan	29.5
														Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian							Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				Late Eocene	Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian											Late Eocene	Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian											Middle Eocene	Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian							Late Uintan/Early Uintan					Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian							Late Uintan/Early Uintan					Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian							Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian							Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				Early Eocene	Bridgerian	47.8
									Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					Wasatchian	50.5
											Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian									Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Late Paleocene	Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian									Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian									To3/To2/To1		Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian									To3/To2/To1		Early Paleocene	Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian									Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		Early Paleocene	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian										Epizigzagiceras			168.2
		Bajocian										Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense			168.4
		Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
			Planulata	179.3 *
			Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
			Kanense		181.3 *
			Carlottense		182.3 *
			Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae		184.2
			Freboldi		185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
					Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian				192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras		196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian					Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian				Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian				Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian				Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian					Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian					Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian					Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian					Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian						300.1
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian							Pirgu	445.2
									Vormsi	449.6 *
									Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
								Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
									Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian							Keila	Idavere †	453
									Haljala		453.9
									Kukruse		456.4 *
									Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Uhaku		458.4
									Lasnamagi		458.9 *
									Aseri		460.4 *
								Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
									Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
									Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian							Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian							Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian										470
										Latorp †		470.1 *
					Hunneberg				473.7 *
		Tremadocian			Hunneberg				477.7
			Varangu	481.3 *
			Pakerort	482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Pakerort		485.4
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			486.3 *
															486.5