PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126689 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Australia	Cretaceous Subepochs	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ordovician of North America				Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan													Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan													Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene												Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian												Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian												Middle Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian												Early Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian													Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Late Pliocene		2.58
		Zanclean												Early Pliocene		3.6
		Zanclean												Early Pliocene	Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian												Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Tortonian													Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian												Middle Miocene	Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian													Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian												Early Miocene		15.98
															Hemingfordian	16.3
															Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian								Late Oligocene		23.03
		Rupelian			Kekeamuan									Early Oligocene		27.82
															Whitneyan	29.5
															Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian									Late Eocene	Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian									Late Eocene	Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian			Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan									Middle Eocene	Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian													Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian													Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian													Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian				Bumbanian								Early Eocene	Bridgerian	47.8
															Wasatchian	50.5
															Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Gashatan									Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian			Gashatan									Late Paleocene	Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian												Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian												Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian												Early Paleocene	Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian												Early Paleocene	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Senonian												66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Gallic												100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian		Neocomian												125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian					Epizigzagiceras									168.2
		Bajocian					Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense									168.4
		Aalenian					Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta									174.7
			Planulata				179.3 *
			Planulata				Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
			Kanense					181.3 *
			Carlottense					182.3 *
			Kunae					183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae					184.2
			Freboldi					185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi					Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
								Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras					Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian							192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras				Psiloceras		196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites						196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
		Norian							208.5
		Carnian							227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian							237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian							242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian							247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan							251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian							Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian							Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian							Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian							Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian							Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian							Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian							Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian							Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian							Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian								300.1
		Kasimovian								303.7
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Bolindian	Cincinnatian	Gamachian				443.8
		Katian				Gamachian				445.2
						Richmondian				446 *
				Eastonian		Richmondian				449 *
						Maysvillian				Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
						Edenian					450.4 *
					Mohawkian	Chatfieldian					451.1 *
				Gisbornian							452 *
		Sandbian									453
						Turinian					453.7 *
					Whiterockian					Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Darriwilian								458.4
		Dapingian		Yapeenian								467.3
				Castlemainian								468.5 *
				Castlemainian		Rangerian						469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Chewtonian	Ibexian	Blackhillsian					Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
				Bendigonian									471.8 *
				Lancefieldian									473.5 *
						Tulean							473.9 *
		Tremadocian				Tulean							477.7
						Stairsian		480.3 *
						Skullrockian		Demingian †				482 *
			Warendian	482.8 *				Demingian †
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								485.4
																487.5