PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126662 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Australia	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			European Faunal Units	Cambrian of China		Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan									Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene								Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian								Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian								Middle Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian								Early Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian									Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Tertiary †			Villanyian			Late Pliocene		2.58
		Piacenzian					Ruscinian			Late Pliocene		3.1 *
		Zanclean								Early Pliocene		3.6
		Zanclean								Early Pliocene	Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian					Turolian			Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian					Turolian					7.246
							Vallesian					8.7
							Vallesian				Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian					Astaracian			Middle Miocene	Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian									Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian					Orleanian			Early Miocene		15.98
											Hemingfordian	16.3
											Arikareean	18.5
							Agenian					20
		Aquitanian					Agenian					20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Late Oligocene		23.03
		Rupelian								Early Oligocene		27.82
											Whitneyan	29.5
											Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian								Late Eocene	Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian								Late Eocene	Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian								Middle Eocene	Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian									Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian									Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian									Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian								Early Eocene	Bridgerian	47.8
											Wasatchian	50.5
											Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian								Late Paleocene	Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian								Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian								Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian								Early Paleocene	Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian								Early Paleocene	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Meishanian		251.902
		Changhsingian	Baoqingian		253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian	Longtanian †		Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Longtanian †		Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian			Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian			Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian			Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian			Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian			Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian			Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian				300.1
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Bolindian		443.8
		Katian		Bolindian		445.2
				Eastonian		449 *
				Gisbornian		452 *
		Sandbian		Gisbornian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Darriwilian		458.4
		Dapingian		Yapeenian		467.3
		Dapingian		Castlemainian		468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Chewtonian		470
				Bendigonian		471.8 *
				Lancefieldian		473.5 *
		Tremadocian		Lancefieldian		477.7
		Tremadocian		Warendian		482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian				Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian				Paibian		494
		Paibian				Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Series 3 †	Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian					Drumian	Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan	Stage 5 †				Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Duyunian		509
	Series 2	Stage 3					Nangaoian		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Meishucunian		521
		Fortunian					Meishucunian		529
		Fortunian					Jinnigian		530.7
												538.8