PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126662 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Siberia			South American Land Mammal Ages		Carboniferous of Western Europe		Permian of Western Europe	Cambrian of China		Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan												Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Lujanian							Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene											Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian											Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.129
														Irvingtonian	0.21
						Ensenadan									0.3 *
		Calabrian											Early Pleistocene		0.774
														Blancan	1.4
						Sanandresian	Uquian †								1.7 *
		Gelasian				Sanandresian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Vorohuean							Late Pliocene		2.58
		Piacenzian				Chapadmalalan							Late Pliocene		2.9 *
		Zanclean				Chapadmalalan							Early Pliocene		3.6
						Montehermosan									3.7 *
						Montehermosan								Hemphillian	4.7
						Huayquerian									4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian											Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
						Chasicoan									7.9 *
						Chasicoan								Clarendonian	9.4
						Mayoan									9.9 *
						Laventan									10.9 *
		Serravallian											Middle Miocene		11.63
														Barstovian	12.5
						Colloncuran									13.7 *
		Langhian				Colloncuran									13.82
		Langhian				Friasian									15.4 *
		Burdigalian				Friasian							Early Miocene		15.98
						Santacrucian									16.2 *
						Santacrucian								Hemingfordian	16.3
						Colhuehuapian								Hemingfordian	17.4 *
														Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
		Aquitanian				Deseadan									20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Late Oligocene		23.03
		Rupelian											Early Oligocene		27.82
						Tinguirirican									28.9 *
														Whitneyan	29.5
														Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian											Late Eocene	Chadronian	33.9
						Divisaderan								Chadronian	35.9 *
														Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian											Middle Eocene	Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian												Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian													41.2
						Mustersan									41.9 *
														Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian											Early Eocene		47.8
						Casamayoran									47.9 *
														Wasatchian	50.5
														Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Riochican							Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	56
						Riochican								Tiffanian	56.2
						Itaboraian									56.9 *
						Peligran									58.9 *
		Selandian											Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Selandian											Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian											Early Paleocene		61.6
						Tiupampan									62.4 *
						Tiupampan								Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian	72.1
		Santonian	83.6
		Coniacian	86.3
		Turonian	89.8
		Cenomanian	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	100.5
		Aptian	113
		Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	145
		Kimmeridgian	149.2
		Oxfordian	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	161.5
		Bathonian	165.3
		Bajocian	168.2
		Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian	Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian	Zechstein	Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Zechstein	Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Rotliegendes	Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian		Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian		Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian	Autunian	Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian		Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian		Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian		Zisongian	293.52
		Asselian			Kuzel		297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
							300.1
					Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
							Stephanian B	300.9 *
							Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian					Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian					Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian					Cantabrian	307
					Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
							Westphalian C	309.8
							Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian					Westphalian B	315.2
							Westphalian A	317 *
					Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
							Marsdenian	320.2 *
							Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
							Alportian	322 *
							Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chokierian	323.2
							Arnsbergian	324 *
							Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean			Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
					Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
					Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian			Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian			Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					470
		Tremadocian					477.7
		Tremadocian					Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian					Batyrbaian			Jiangshanian		489.5
							Aksaian					490.7 *
							Sakian					492.2 *
		Paibian								Paibian		494
									Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian			494.7 *
									Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Ayusokkanian			Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Guzhangian					Mayan/Menevian			Guzhangian		499.5
		Drumian					Mayan/Menevian			Drumian		500.5
		Wuliuan					Amgan/Solvan			Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Amgan/Solvan			Duyunian		509
							Toyonian	Lenian †				510 *
							Botomian					512.5 *
		Stage 3					Botomian			Nangaoian		514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian					515.6 *		Nangaoian
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian	Meishucunian				521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian					525.5
		Fortunian					Manykaian †	529
		Fortunian		Jinnigian			Manykaian †	530.7
															538.8