PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126662 collections

Show less time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cambrian of North America		Permian of Western Europe	Cambrian of China		Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian of China	North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan								Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian									0.0042
				Greenlandian									0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene			0.0117
				Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene		Rancholabrean	0.129
				Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene		Irvingtonian	0.21
				Calabrian						Early Pleistocene		Irvingtonian	0.774
				Calabrian								Blancan	1.4
				Gelasian									1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Late Pliocene			2.58
				Zanclean						Early Pliocene			3.6
				Zanclean						Early Pliocene		Hemphillian	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian						Late Miocene			5.333
				Tortonian									7.246
				Tortonian								Clarendonian	9.4
				Serravallian						Middle Miocene		Clarendonian	11.63
				Serravallian								Barstovian	12.5
				Langhian									13.82
				Burdigalian						Early Miocene			15.98
												Hemingfordian	16.3
												Arikareean	18.5
				Aquitanian									20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Late Oligocene			23.03
				Rupelian						Early Oligocene			27.82
												Whitneyan	29.5
												Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian						Late Eocene		Chadronian	33.9
				Priabonian						Late Eocene		Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian						Middle Eocene		Duchesnean	37.71
				Bartonian								Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian								Uintan	41.2
				Lutetian								Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian						Early Eocene		Bridgerian	47.8
												Wasatchian	50.5
												Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian						Late Paleocene		Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian						Late Paleocene		Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian						Middle Paleocene		Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian						Middle Paleocene		Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian						Early Paleocene		Torrejonian	61.6
				Danian						Early Paleocene		Puercan	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
				Campanian									72.1
				Santonian									83.6
				Coniacian									86.3
				Turonian									89.8
				Cenomanian									93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
				Aptian									113
				Barremian									121.4
				Hauterivian									125.77
				Valanginian									132.6
				Berriasian									139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
				Kimmeridgian									149.2
				Oxfordian									154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
				Bathonian									165.3
				Bajocian									168.2
				Aalenian									170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
				Pliensbachian									184.2
Sinemurian				192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Meishanian	251.902
			Changhsingian	Baoqingian	253.4 *
			Wuchiapingian	Zechstein	Laoshanian	254.14
			Wuchiapingian	Zechstein	Laibinian	257.7 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Rotliegendes	Lengwuan	259.51
			Wordian		Kuhfengian	264.28
			Roadian		Kuhfengian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		Luodianian	273.01
			Artinskian	Autunian	Luodianian	283.5
			Artinskian		Longlinian	285.4 *
			Sakmarian		Longlinian	290.1
			Asselian		Zisongian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Zisongian	298.9
			Gzhelian			300.1
			Kasimovian			303.7
			Moscovian			307
			Bashkirian			315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
			Visean			330.9
			Tournaisian			346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
			Pragian			407.6
			Lochkovian			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
		Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
			Aeronian			438.5
			Rhuddanian			440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
			Katian			445.2
			Sandbian			453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian			470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
			Stage 10				Niuchehean		Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian				Jiangshanian		Sunwaptan	489.5
			Jiangshanian				Jiangshanian		Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian				Paibian			494
			Paibian				Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Marjumian	Albertian †	Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
			Drumian			Marjumian		Drumian	Wangcunian †	500.5
			Wuliuan			Topazan		Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
			Wuliuan			Delamaran		Wuliuan/Taijangian		506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4			Delamaran	Waucoban †	Duyunian		509
			Stage 4			Dyeran		Duyunian		511 *
			Stage 3			Dyeran		Nangaoian		514
						Montezuman				514.8 *
						Begadean				519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Meishucunian		521
			Fortunian					Meishucunian		529
			Fortunian					Jinnigian		530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									538.8
		Cryogenian									635
		Tonian									720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian									1000
		Ectasian									1200
		Calymmian									1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian									1600
		Orosirian									1800
		Rhyacian									2050
		Siderian									2300
Archean	Neoarchean										2500
	Mesoarchean										2800
	Paleoarchean										3200
	Eoarchean										3600
Hadean											4000
													4600