PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126006 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Carboniferous of China	European Faunal Zones	Ordovician of Britain				Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Ordovician of the Baltic			North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan												Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Tarantian					0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Tarantian				Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene							Ionian				Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene							Ionian				Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene											Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian												Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian			MN 17										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene		MN 16										2.58
		Piacenzian	Late Pliocene		MN 15										3.2
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene		MN 15										3.6
					MN 14										4.2
					MN 14									Hemphillian	4.7
					MN 13										4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene		MN 13										5.333
		Tortonian			MN 12										7.246
					MN 11										7.75
					MN 10										8.7
					MN 10									Clarendonian	9.4
					MN 9										9.7
					MN 7 + 8										11.1
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene												11.63
														Barstovian	12.5
					MN 6										12.8 *
		Langhian			MN 5										13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene		MN 4										15.98
					MN 4									Hemingfordian	16.3
					MN 3									Hemingfordian	16.9
					MN 3									Arikareean	18.5
					MN 2										20
		Aquitanian			MN 2										20.44
		Aquitanian			MN 1										22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene												23.03
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene												27.82
														Whitneyan	29.5
														Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene											Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene											Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene											Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian												Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian												Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian												Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene											Bridgerian	47.8
														Wasatchian	50.5
														Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene											Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian	Late Paleocene											Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene											Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene											Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene											Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene											Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
		Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Gzhelian		Xiaodushanian		300 *
		Kasimovian		Xiaodushanian		303.7
		Kasimovian		Dalaun		305.8 *
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
				Huashibanian	318.5 *
				Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian		Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean		Shangsian	330.9
		Visean		Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian		Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ashgill		Hirnantian	Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian			Rawtheyan		Pirgu	445.2
					Cautleyan			448.9 *
					Pusgillian			449.3 *
			Caradoc		Streffordian		Onnian †	Vormsi	449.6 *
								Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
						Viru		Rakvere		450.6 *
					Cheneyan			Rakvere		451.5 *
					Cheneyan			Oandu		452 *
					Burrellian			Oandu		452.7 *
		Sandbian						Keila	Idavere †	453
							Actonian †	Keila		453.2 *
							Actonian †	Haljala		453.9
							Marshbrookian †			Woolstonian †	454.2 *
							Longvillian †				455.2 *
								Kukruse			456.4 *
					Aurelucian						456.8 *
							Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
							Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian	Uhaku	Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn		Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			Uhaku			458.4
								Lasnamagi			458.9 *
								Aseri			460.4 *
					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			Aseri			461.3 *
						Oeland		Kunda			462.9 *
								Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
								Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian										467.3
			Arenig		Fennian							468.4 *
								Billingen				469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian										470
									Latorp †			470.1 *
					Whitlandian							471.1 *
					Whitlandian			Hunneberg				473.7 *
					Moridunian							474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc		Migneintian							477.7
					Cressagian							480.8 *
								Varangu				481.3 *
								Pakerort				482.2 *
												485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										485.4
												486.3 *
												486.5
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										497
		Guzhangian										Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan											504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Branchian	509
		Stage 3		514								Branchian
		Stage 3		Placentian								517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
															538.8