PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126662 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of North America						Cambrian of China		North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene									Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene									Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene									Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian										Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene										2.58
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene										3.6
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene									Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene										5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Tortonian										Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene									Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian										Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene										15.98
												Hemingfordian	16.3
												Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene										23.03
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene										27.82
												Whitneyan	29.5
												Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene									Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene									Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene									Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian										Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian										Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian										Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene									Bridgerian	47.8
												Wasatchian	50.5
												Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene									Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian	Late Paleocene									Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene									Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene									Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene									Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene									Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
		Pliensbachian											184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian		Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian		Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian		Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian		Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian		Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian		Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian		Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian		Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian			300.1
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Cincinnatian		Gamachian	443.8
		Katian			Gamachian	445.2
					Richmondian	446 *
					Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
					Edenian		450.4 *
			Mohawkian		Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian			Chatfieldian		453
					Turinian		453.7 *
			Whiterockian			Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
		Dapingian						467.3
		Dapingian			Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian		Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian			Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian			Tulean				477.7
					Stairsian				480.3 *
					Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Skullrockian				Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Stage 10							Niuchehean		487.5
		Jiangshanian							Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian							Paibian		494
		Paibian							Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian							Drumian	Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan							Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							Duyunian		509
	Series 2	Stage 3							Nangaoian		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							Meishucunian		521
		Fortunian							Meishucunian		529
		Fortunian							Jinnigian		530.7
													538.8