PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 125938 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Ordovician of the Baltic		North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan							Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian								0.0042
		Greenlandian								0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian						0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene						Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene	Cudahyan/Sappan					Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene	Cudahyan/Sappan					Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian		Senecan/Rexroadian					Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene							2.58
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene							3.6
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene							5.333
		Tortonian								7.246
		Tortonian		Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian		late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian					Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian								13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene							15.98
				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					Hemingfordian	16.3
				late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian				Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene							23.03
					Monroecreekian					23.1 *
					Geringian					24.7 *
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene		Geringian					27.82
									Whitneyan	29.5
									Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene						Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene						Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian		Late Uintan/Early Uintan					Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian		Late Uintan/Early Uintan					Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					Bridgerian	47.8
				Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					Wasatchian	50.5
						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian	Late Paleocene			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene			To3/To2/To1			Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene			To3/To2/To1			Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								66
		Campanian								72.1
		Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								100.5
		Aptian								113
		Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian								139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								145
		Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Oxfordian								154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian								168.2
		Aalenian								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					174.7
		Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian					208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Zechstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian					Autunian	283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Harju	Porkuni			443.8
		Katian			Pirgu			445.2
					Vormsi			449.6 *
			Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
			Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
				Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian		Keila	Idavere †	453
				Haljala		453.9
				Kukruse		456.4 *
				Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Uhaku		458.4
				Lasnamagi		458.9 *
				Aseri		460.4 *
			Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
				Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
				Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka		467.1 *
		Dapingian		Volkhov				467.3
		Dapingian		Billingen				469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
					Latorp †			470.1 *
				Hunneberg				473.7 *
		Tremadocian		Hunneberg				477.7
				Varangu				481.3 *
				Pakerort				482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Pakerort				485.4
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						486.3 *
										486.5