PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126679 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous Subepochs	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			South American Land Mammal Ages		European Faunal Units	Cambrian of China		Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan											Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Sheridanian			Lujanian					Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene										Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian										Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.129
				Cudahyan/Sappan									Irvingtonian	0.21
							Ensenadan							0.3 *
		Calabrian										Early Pleistocene		0.774
				Senecan/Rexroadian									Blancan	1.4
							Sanandresian	Uquian †						1.7 *
		Gelasian					Sanandresian							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Vorohuean		Villanyian			Late Pliocene		2.58
							Chapadmalalan		Villanyian					2.9 *
									Ruscinian					3.1 *
		Zanclean										Early Pliocene		3.6
							Montehermosan							3.7 *
				Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Montehermosan						Hemphillian	4.7
							Huayquerian							4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian							Turolian			Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
							Chasicoan							7.9 *
									Vallesian					8.7
				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian									Clarendonian	9.4
							Mayoan							9.9 *
							Laventan							10.9 *
		Serravallian							Astaracian			Middle Miocene		11.63
				late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian									Barstovian	12.5
							Colloncuran							13.7 *
		Langhian					Colloncuran							13.82
		Langhian					Friasian							15.4 *
		Burdigalian					Friasian		Orleanian			Early Miocene		15.98
							Santacrucian							16.2 *
				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Santacrucian						Hemingfordian	16.3
				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Colhuehuapian						Hemingfordian	17.4 *
				late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian								Arikareean	18.5
									Agenian					20
		Aquitanian												20.44
		Aquitanian					Deseadan							20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Late Oligocene		23.03
					Monroecreekian									23.1 *
					Geringian									24.7 *
		Rupelian										Early Oligocene		27.82
							Tinguirirican							28.9 *
													Whitneyan	29.5
													Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian								Late Eocene	Chadronian	33.9
				Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Divisaderan						Chadronian	35.9 *
													Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian										Middle Eocene	Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian		Late Uintan/Early Uintan									Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian												41.2
							Mustersan							41.9 *
				Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian										Early Eocene		47.8
							Casamayoran							47.9 *
				Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean									Wasatchian	50.5
						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Riochican					Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	56
						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Riochican						Tiffanian	56.2
							Itaboraian							56.9 *
							Peligran							58.9 *
		Selandian										Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Selandian	To3/To2/To1			Torrejonian				60.9		Middle Paleocene
		Danian								Early Paleocene	61.6
							Tiupampan				62.4 *
			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			Puercan	Tiupampan				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Senonian									66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Gallic									100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian	Neocomian									125.77
		Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						145
		Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Meishanian				251.902
		Changhsingian						Baoqingian				253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian						Laoshanian				254.14
		Wuchiapingian						Laibinian				257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Lengwuan				259.51
		Wordian						Kuhfengian				264.28
		Roadian						Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian						Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian						Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian						Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian			Zisongian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Zisongian			298.9
		Gzhelian						300.1
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Niuchehean		Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian		Jiangshanian			489.5
		Paibian		Paibian			494
		Paibian		Paibian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Guzhangian	Wangcunian †		497
		Drumian	Drumian	Wangcunian †		500.5
		Wuliuan	Wuliuan/Taijangian			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Duyunian			509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Nangaoian			514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Meishucunian			521
		Fortunian	Meishucunian			529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian			530.7
														538.8