PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126689 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Permian of North America		Cambrian of Siberia			Permian of Western Europe	Cambrian of China	Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian of China	North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan												Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian													0.0042
				Greenlandian													0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Late Pleistocene			0.0117
				Late Pleistocene										Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian										Middle Pleistocene		Rancholabrean	0.129
				Chibanian										Middle Pleistocene		Irvingtonian	0.21
				Calabrian										Early Pleistocene		Irvingtonian	0.774
				Calabrian												Blancan	1.4
				Gelasian													1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Late Pliocene			2.58
				Zanclean										Early Pliocene			3.6
				Zanclean										Early Pliocene		Hemphillian	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian										Late Miocene			5.333
				Tortonian													7.246
				Tortonian												Clarendonian	9.4
				Serravallian										Middle Miocene		Clarendonian	11.63
				Serravallian												Barstovian	12.5
				Langhian													13.82
				Burdigalian										Early Miocene			15.98
																Hemingfordian	16.3
																Arikareean	18.5
				Aquitanian													20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Late Oligocene			23.03
				Rupelian										Early Oligocene			27.82
																Whitneyan	29.5
																Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian										Late Eocene		Chadronian	33.9
				Priabonian										Late Eocene		Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian										Middle Eocene		Duchesnean	37.71
				Bartonian												Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian												Uintan	41.2
				Lutetian												Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian										Early Eocene		Bridgerian	47.8
																Wasatchian	50.5
																Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian										Late Paleocene		Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian										Late Paleocene		Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian										Middle Paleocene		Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian										Middle Paleocene		Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian										Early Paleocene		Torrejonian	61.6
				Danian										Early Paleocene		Puercan	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
				Campanian													72.1
				Santonian													83.6
				Coniacian													86.3
				Turonian													89.8
				Cenomanian													93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
				Aptian													113
				Barremian													121.4
				Hauterivian													125.77
				Valanginian													132.6
				Berriasian													139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
				Kimmeridgian													149.2
				Oxfordian													154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
				Bathonian													165.3
				Bajocian													168.2
				Aalenian													170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
				Pliensbachian													184.2
Sinemurian				192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Meishanian	251.902
			Changhsingian	Baoqingian	253.4 *
			Wuchiapingian	Zechstein	Laoshanian	254.14
			Wuchiapingian	Zechstein	Laibinian	257.7 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian	Rotliegendes	Lengwuan	259.51
			Wordian	Wordian		Kuhfengian	264.28
			Roadian	Roadian		Kuhfengian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian		Cathedralian	Luodianian	273.01
			Kungurian			Hessian		281.9 *
			Artinskian		Autunian			283.5
							Longlinian	285.4 *
				Wolfcampian		Lenoxian		286.1 *
			Sakmarian			Lenoxian		290.1
			Asselian			Nealian	Zisongian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Zisongian	298.9
			Gzhelian					300.1
			Kasimovian					303.7
			Moscovian					307
			Bashkirian					315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
			Visean					330.9
			Tournaisian					346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
			Pragian					407.6
			Lochkovian					410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
			Aeronian					438.5
			Rhuddanian					440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
			Katian					445.2
			Sandbian					453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian					470
			Tremadocian					477.7
			Tremadocian					Mansian †	483.55 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
			Jiangshanian					Batyrbaian			Jiangshanian		489.5
								Aksaian					490.7 *
								Sakian					492.2 *
			Paibian								Paibian		494
										Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian			494.7 *
										Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Ayusokkanian			Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
			Guzhangian					Mayan/Menevian			Guzhangian		499.5
			Drumian					Mayan/Menevian			Drumian		500.5
			Wuliuan					Amgan/Solvan			Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4					Amgan/Solvan			Duyunian		509
								Toyonian	Lenian †				510 *
								Botomian					512.5 *
			Stage 3					Botomian			Nangaoian		514
			Stage 3					Atdabanian			Nangaoian		515.6 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Tommotian			Meishucunian		521
			Stage 2					Nemakit-Daldynian					525.5
			Fortunian						Manykaian †				529
Jinnigian			Fortunian						Manykaian †		530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							Vendian †		Poundian †				538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							Vendian †		Wonokan †				571.7 *
																	635