PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Carboniferous Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Carboniferous of China	South American Land Mammal Ages		Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Cambrian of West Avalonia	North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan										Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian											0.0042
				Greenlandian											0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Lujanian					0.0117
				Late Pleistocene										Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian										Rancholabrean	0.129
														Irvingtonian	0.21
										Ensenadan					0.3 *
				Calabrian											0.774
														Blancan	1.4
										Sanandresian	Uquian †				1.7 *
				Gelasian						Sanandresian					1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Tertiary †				Vorohuean					2.58
				Piacenzian						Chapadmalalan					2.9 *
				Zanclean						Chapadmalalan					3.6
										Montehermosan					3.7 *
										Montehermosan				Hemphillian	4.7
										Huayquerian					4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian											5.333
				Tortonian											7.246
										Chasicoan					7.9 *
										Chasicoan				Clarendonian	9.4
										Mayoan					9.9 *
										Laventan					10.9 *
				Serravallian											11.63
														Barstovian	12.5
										Colloncuran					13.7 *
				Langhian						Colloncuran					13.82
				Langhian						Friasian					15.4 *
				Burdigalian						Friasian					15.98
										Santacrucian					16.2 *
										Santacrucian				Hemingfordian	16.3
										Colhuehuapian				Hemingfordian	17.4 *
														Arikareean	18.5
				Aquitanian											20.44
				Aquitanian						Deseadan					20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
				Rupelian											27.82
										Tinguirirican					28.9 *
														Whitneyan	29.5
														Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian										Chadronian	33.9
										Divisaderan				Chadronian	35.9 *
														Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian										Duchesnean	37.71
				Bartonian										Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian											41.2
										Mustersan					41.9 *
														Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian											47.8
										Casamayoran					47.9 *
														Wasatchian	50.5
														Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian						Riochican				Clarkforkian	56
										Riochican				Tiffanian	56.2
										Itaboraian					56.9 *
										Peligran					58.9 *
				Selandian											59.2
				Selandian										Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian											61.6
										Tiupampan					62.4 *
										Tiupampan				Puercan	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
Campanian				72.1
Santonian				83.6
Coniacian				86.3
Turonian				89.8
Cenomanian				93.9
Early Cretaceous			Albian	100.5
			Aptian	113
			Barremian	121.4
			Hauterivian	125.77
			Valanginian	132.6
			Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian	145
			Kimmeridgian	149.2
			Oxfordian	154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian	161.5
			Bathonian	165.3
			Bajocian	168.2
			Aalenian	170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
			Pliensbachian	184.2
			Sinemurian	192.9
			Hettangian	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Longtanian †	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
			Wordian		264.28
			Roadian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
			Artinskian		283.5
			Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Late Pennsylvanian		Mapingian †	298.9
			Gzhelian					Xiaodushanian	300 *
			Kasimovian					Xiaodushanian	303.7
								Dalaun	305.8 *
									305.9
			Moscovian		Middle Pennsylvanian				307
			Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian				315.2
								Huashibanian	318.5 *
								Lousuan	321.2 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Late Mississippian			Dewunian	323.2
			Serpukhovian		Late Mississippian			Shangsian	330.8 *
			Visean		Middle Mississippian			Shangsian	330.9
			Visean		Middle Mississippian			Jiusian	335 *
			Tournaisian		Early Mississippian			Tangbagouan	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
			Pragian						407.6
			Lochkovian						410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
			Aeronian			438.5
			Rhuddanian			440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
			Katian			445.2
			Sandbian			453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian			470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			485.4
			Jiangshanian			489.5
			Paibian			494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Series 3 †			497
			Guzhangian						Arcadian	498.4
			Drumian							500.5
			Wuliuan	Stage 5 †						504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4						Branchian	509
			Stage 3						Branchian	514
			Stage 3						Placentian	517.1
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
															635