PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126710 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Mesozoic Subages		Silurian of England		Ordovician of Britain				Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Ordovician of the Baltic	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran											Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan													Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Tarantian			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene											Tarantian		Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian											Ionian		Rancholabrean	0.129
															Irvingtonian	0.21
				Castlecliffian												0.34
		Calabrian														0.774
															Blancan	1.4
				Nukumaruan												1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan												1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian												2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian												2.58
		Piacenzian		Waipipian												3
		Zanclean		Waipipian												3.6
				Opoitian												3.7
				Opoitian											Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean												5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan												7.2
		Tortonian														7.246
															Clarendonian	9.4
			Southland	Waiauan												11.04
		Serravallian														11.63
															Barstovian	12.5
				Lillburnian												13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian												13.82
				Clifdenian												15.1
			Pareora	Altonian												15.9
		Burdigalian														15.98
															Hemingfordian	16.3
															Arikareean	18.5
				Otaian												18.7
		Aquitanian		Otaian												20.44
		Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian												21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian												23.03
				Duntroonian												25.2
				Whaingaroan												27.3
		Rupelian														27.82
															Whitneyan	29.5
															Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian													Chadronian	33.9
			Arnold	Runangan												34.6
				Kaiatan												36.7
															Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian														37.71
				Bortonian												39.1
															Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian														41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan												42.6
				Heretaungan												45.7
															Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian														47.8
				Mangaorapan												48.9
				Mangaorapan											Wasatchian	50.5
				Waipawan											Wasatchian	52
				Waipawan											Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian											Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian													Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian													Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian													Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian													Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian													Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian		Haumurian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		86.1
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
				Mangaotanean			90.5
				Arowhanan			93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
				Motuan			99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan	Late Albian		100.5
				Urutawan	Late Albian		103.3
				Urutawan	Middle Albian		106.2 *
			Taitai	Korangan	Middle Albian		108.4
					Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian			Late Aptian		113
					Late Aptian		117.5
					Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian		139.8
					Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
					Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian		Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian			Early Tithonian		Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian			Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian			174.7
					Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
					Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian			Sevatian			208.5
					Alaunian			213.2 *
					Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian			Tuvalian			227
		Carnian			Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian			237
		Ladinian			Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian			242
					Pelsonian			243.8 *
					Bithynian			244.7 *
					Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian			247.2
		Olenekian			Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan			Dienerian			251.2
		Induan			Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle		Whitcliffe/Leintwardine		419.2
	Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle		Bringewood/Elton		421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Coalbrookdale		Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423
		Gorstian						425.6
		Gorstian				Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian				Buildwas		427.4
		Homerian		Wych		Woolhope		428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Telychian				436.3 *
		Aeronian				438.5
		Aeronian		Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian		Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Ashgill		Hirnantian	Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian					Rawtheyan	Pirgu		445.2
							Cautleyan			448.9 *
							Pusgillian			449.3 *
						Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †		Vormsi	449.6 *
										Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
									Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
							Cheneyan			Rakvere		451.5 *
							Cheneyan			Oandu		452 *
							Burrellian			Oandu		452.7 *
		Sandbian								Keila	Idavere †	453
								Actonian †		Keila		453.2 *
								Actonian †		Haljala		453.9
								Marshbrookian †				Woolstonian †	454.2 *
								Longvillian †					455.2 *
										Kukruse			456.4 *
							Aurelucian						456.8 *
								Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian					457.4 *
								Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		Uhaku	Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			Uhaku			458.4
										Lasnamagi			458.9 *
										Aseri			460.4 *
							Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			Aseri			461.3 *
									Oeland	Kunda			462.9 *
										Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
										Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian												467.3
						Arenig	Fennian							468.4 *
					Billingen					469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
										Latorp †			470.1 *
							Whitlandian						471.1 *
					Hunneberg		Whitlandian						473.7 *
							Moridunian						474.3 *
		Tremadocian				Tremadoc	Migneintian						477.7
							Cressagian						480.8 *
					Varangu								481.3 *
					Pakerort								482.2 *
													485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											485.4
													486.3 *
													486.5
		Jiangshanian											489.5
		Paibian											494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian											497
		Guzhangian											Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian												500.5
		Wuliuan												504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4											Branchian	509
		Stage 3											Branchian	514
		Stage 3											Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
																538.8