PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126699 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cambrian of Siberia			Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Ten Million Year Bins	Ordovician of North America			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran							Cenozoic 6					Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan														Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian															0.0042
				Greenlandian															0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													Tarantian		0.0117
				Late Pleistocene													Tarantian	Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian													Ionian	Rancholabrean	0.129
																		Irvingtonian	0.21
						Castlecliffian													0.34
				Calabrian															0.774
																		Blancan	1.4
						Nukumaruan													1.63
				Gelasian		Nukumaruan													1.8
				Gelasian		Mangapanian													2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian													2.58
				Piacenzian		Waipipian													3
				Zanclean		Waipipian													3.6
						Opoitian													3.7
						Opoitian												Hemphillian	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean													5.333
				Messinian		Tongaporutuan													7.2
				Tortonian															7.246
																		Clarendonian	9.4
					Southland	Waiauan													11.04
				Serravallian									Cenozoic 5						11.63
																		Barstovian	12.5
						Lillburnian													13.05
				Langhian		Lillburnian													13.82
						Clifdenian													15.1
					Pareora	Altonian													15.9
				Burdigalian															15.98
																		Hemingfordian	16.3
																		Arikareean	18.5
						Otaian													18.7
				Aquitanian		Otaian													20.44
				Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian													21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian							Cenozoic 4						23.03
						Duntroonian													25.2
						Whaingaroan													27.3
				Rupelian															27.82
																		Whitneyan	29.5
																		Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian									Cenozoic 3					Chadronian	33.9
					Arnold	Runangan													34.6
						Kaiatan													36.7
																		Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian															37.71
						Bortonian													39.1
																		Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian									Cenozoic 2						41.2
					Dannevirke	Porangan													42.6
						Heretaungan													45.7
																		Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian															47.8
						Mangaorapan													48.9
						Mangaorapan												Wasatchian	50.5
						Waipawan												Wasatchian	52
						Waipawan												Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian							Cenozoic 1					Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian														Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian														Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian														Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian														Torrejonian	61.6
				Danian														Puercan	63.8
Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian	Cretaceous 8		66
			Campanian		Haumurian	Cretaceous 7		72.1
			Santonian		Piripauan	Cretaceous 6		83.6
			Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
			Coniacian					86.3
			Turonian					89.8
					Mangaotanean			90.5
					Arowhanan			93.7
			Cenomanian		Arowhanan	Cretaceous 5		93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
					Motuan			99.5
		Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan	Cretaceous 4		100.5
					Urutawan			103.3
				Taitai	Korangan			108.4
			Aptian		Korangan	Cretaceous 3		113
			Aptian			Cretaceous 3		117.5
			Barremian			Cretaceous 2		121.4
			Hauterivian			Cretaceous 2		125.77
			Valanginian			Cretaceous 1		132.6
			Berriasian			Cretaceous 1		139.8
	Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Jurassic 6		145
			Kimmeridgian			Jurassic 5		149.2
			Oxfordian					154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
			Bathonian			Jurassic 4		165.3
			Bajocian			Jurassic 4		168.2
			Aalenian			Jurassic 3		170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Jurassic 3		174.7
			Pliensbachian			Jurassic 2		184.2
			Sinemurian			Jurassic 1		192.9
			Hettangian			Jurassic 1		199.5
	Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Triassic 4		201.4
			Norian			Triassic 4		208.5
			Carnian			Triassic 3		227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Triassic 2		237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian			Triassic 2		242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian			Vokhmian		Triassic 1	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan			Vokhmian		Triassic 1	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Permian 4	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian			254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian			259.51
			Wordian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian			264.28
			Roadian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		Permian 3	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian					Permian 2	273.01
			Artinskian						283.5
			Sakmarian						290.1
			Asselian					Permian 1	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Carboniferous 5	298.9
			Kasimovian					Carboniferous 5	303.7
			Moscovian					Carboniferous 4	307
			Bashkirian					Carboniferous 4	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Carboniferous 3	323.2
			Visean					Carboniferous 2	330.9
			Tournaisian					Carboniferous 1	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Devonian 5	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					Devonian 4	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					Devonian 3	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Devonian 3	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					Devonian 2	393.3
			Pragian					Devonian 1	407.6
			Lochkovian					Devonian 1	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						Silurian 2	419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				Silurian 1	433.4
			Aeronian					438.5
			Rhuddanian					440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Ordovician 5	Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
			Katian						Gamachian	445.2
									Richmondian	446 *
									Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
									Edenian		450.4 *
								Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
			Sandbian				Ordovician 4		Chatfieldian		453
									Turinian		453.7 *
								Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Ordovician 3					458.4
			Dapingian		Ordovician 2		467.3
			Dapingian				Rangerian		469.1 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian				Ibexian	Blackhillsian	Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
			Floian					Tulean				473.9 *
			Tremadocian		Ordovician 1			Tulean				477.7
				Stairsian				480.3 *
				Skullrockian				Demingian †			482 *
								Demingian †			Mansian †	483.55 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Batyrbaian			Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Cambrian 5				485.4
			Stage 10											487.5
			Jiangshanian											489.5
					Aksaian									490.7 *
					Sakian									492.2 *
			Paibian											494
			Paibian						Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian					494.7 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Ayusokkanian					Cambrian 4				497
			Guzhangian		Mayan/Menevian									499.5
			Drumian		Mayan/Menevian									500.5
			Wuliuan		Amgan/Solvan					Cambrian 3				504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4		Amgan/Solvan									509
					Toyonian			Lenian †						510 *
					Botomian									512.5 *
			Stage 3		Botomian					Cambrian 2				514
Atdabanian			Stage 3					515.6 *
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	Tommotian					521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian					525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian		Manykaian †			Cambrian 1		529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran				Wonokan †								Vendian †	571.7 *
																			635