PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126679 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Permian of North America	Permian of the Salt Range	Permian of Western Europe	Cambrian of China		Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian of China	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran								Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Late Pleistocene			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene								Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian								Middle Pleistocene		Rancholabrean	0.129
												Irvingtonian	0.21
				Castlecliffian									0.34
		Calabrian								Early Pleistocene			0.774
												Blancan	1.4
				Nukumaruan									1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan									1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian									2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian						Late Pliocene			2.58
		Piacenzian		Waipipian						Late Pliocene			3
		Zanclean		Waipipian						Early Pliocene			3.6
				Opoitian									3.7
				Opoitian								Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean						Late Miocene			5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan									7.2
		Tortonian											7.246
												Clarendonian	9.4
			Southland	Waiauan									11.04
		Serravallian								Middle Miocene			11.63
												Barstovian	12.5
				Lillburnian									13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian									13.82
				Clifdenian									15.1
			Pareora	Altonian									15.9
		Burdigalian								Early Miocene			15.98
												Hemingfordian	16.3
												Arikareean	18.5
				Otaian									18.7
		Aquitanian		Otaian									20.44
		Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian									21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian						Late Oligocene			23.03
				Duntroonian									25.2
				Whaingaroan									27.3
		Rupelian								Early Oligocene			27.82
												Whitneyan	29.5
												Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian								Late Eocene		Chadronian	33.9
			Arnold	Runangan									34.6
				Kaiatan									36.7
												Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian								Middle Eocene			37.71
				Bortonian									39.1
												Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian											41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan									42.6
				Heretaungan									45.7
												Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian								Early Eocene			47.8
				Mangaorapan									48.9
				Mangaorapan								Wasatchian	50.5
				Waipawan								Wasatchian	52
				Waipawan								Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian						Late Paleocene		Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian								Late Paleocene		Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian								Middle Paleocene		Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian								Middle Paleocene		Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian								Early Paleocene		Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian								Early Paleocene		Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian		Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian				89.8
				Mangaotanean		90.5
				Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan		93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
				Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan		100.5
				Urutawan		103.3
			Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian		Korangan		113
		Aptian				117.5
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
		Induan				251.2
		Induan				Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Kathwai	Meishanian	251.902
								252.4 *
						Chhidru		252.9 *
							Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian					Zechstein	Laoshanian	254.14
						Kalabagh			255 *
						Wargal			256 *
								Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Capitanian	Rotliegendes	Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian					Wordian		Kuhfengian	264.28
										265.3 *
						Amb				266.1 *
		Roadian				Amb	Roadian			266.9
		Roadian					Roadian			270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Leonardian		Cathedralian	Luodianian	273.01
		Kungurian							Hessian		281.9 *
		Artinskian						Autunian			283.5
										Longlinian	285.4 *
							Wolfcampian		Lenoxian		286.1 *
		Sakmarian							Lenoxian		290.1
		Asselian							Nealian	Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian									300.1
		Kasimovian									303.7
		Moscovian									307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian	Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian	Paibian		494
		Paibian	Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian	Drumian	Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan	Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Duyunian		509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Nangaoian		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Meishucunian		521
		Fortunian	Meishucunian		529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian		530.7
													538.8