PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126662 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		South American Land Mammal Ages		Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Permian of Western Europe	Cambrian of China		Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran								Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Lujanian						Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene									Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian									Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.129
												Irvingtonian	0.21
					Ensenadan								0.3 *
				Castlecliffian									0.34
		Calabrian									Early Pleistocene		0.774
												Blancan	1.4
				Nukumaruan									1.63
					Sanandresian	Uquian †							1.7 *
		Gelasian											1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian									2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Vorohuean						Late Pliocene		2.58
					Chapadmalalan								2.9 *
				Waipipian									3
		Zanclean		Waipipian							Early Pliocene		3.6
				Opoitian	Montehermosan								3.7 *
					Montehermosan							Hemphillian	4.7
					Huayquerian								4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean							Late Miocene		5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan									7.2
		Tortonian											7.246
					Chasicoan								7.9 *
					Chasicoan							Clarendonian	9.4
					Mayoan								9.9 *
					Laventan								10.9 *
			Southland	Waiauan									11.04
		Serravallian									Middle Miocene		11.63
												Barstovian	12.5
				Lillburnian									13.05
					Colloncuran								13.7 *
		Langhian											13.82
				Clifdenian									15.1
				Clifdenian	Friasian								15.4 *
			Pareora	Altonian									15.9
		Burdigalian									Early Miocene		15.98
					Santacrucian								16.2 *
					Santacrucian							Hemingfordian	16.3
					Colhuehuapian							Hemingfordian	17.4 *
												Arikareean	18.5
				Otaian									18.7
		Aquitanian											20.44
					Deseadan								20.9 *
			Landon	Waitakian									21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian							Late Oligocene		23.03
				Duntroonian									25.2
				Whaingaroan									27.3
		Rupelian									Early Oligocene		27.82
					Tinguirirican								28.9 *
												Whitneyan	29.5
												Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian									Late Eocene	Chadronian	33.9
			Arnold	Runangan									34.6
				Runangan	Divisaderan								35.9 *
				Kaiatan									36.7
												Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian									Middle Eocene		37.71
				Bortonian									39.1
												Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian											41.2
					Mustersan		41.9 *
			Dannevirke	Porangan			42.6
				Heretaungan			45.7
							Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian						Early Eocene	47.8
					Casamayoran				47.9 *
				Mangaorapan					48.9
				Mangaorapan			Wasatchian		50.5
				Waipawan			Wasatchian		52
				Waipawan			Clarkforkian		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian	Riochican		Clarkforkian	Late Paleocene	56
					Riochican		Tiffanian		56.2
					Itaboraian				56.9 *
					Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian					Torrejonian	Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian						Early Paleocene	61.6
					Tiupampan	62.4 *
					Tiupampan	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian				66
		Campanian		Haumurian				72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan				83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan				86.1
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
				Mangaotanean				90.5
				Arowhanan				93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan				93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian				95.2
				Motuan				99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan				100.5
				Urutawan				103.3
			Taitai	Korangan				108.4
		Aptian		Korangan				113
		Aptian						117.5
		Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						145
		Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian						Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian						Zechstein	Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian						Zechstein	Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Rotliegendes	Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian							Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian							Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian						Autunian	Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian							Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian							Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian							Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Mapingian †	Zisongian		298.9
		Gzhelian									300.1
		Kasimovian									303.7
		Kasimovian									305.9
		Moscovian									307
		Bashkirian									315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian									323.2
		Visean									330.9
		Tournaisian									346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian									358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian									372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian									382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian									387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian									393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian		Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian		Paibian		494
		Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	Paibian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian	Drumian	Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan	Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Duyunian		509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Nangaoian		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Meishucunian		521
		Fortunian	Meishucunian		529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian		530.7
													538.8