PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126662 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Silurian of England		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Permian of Western Europe	Cambrian of China		Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene									Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian									Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian									Middle Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian									Early Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian										Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Late Pliocene		2.58
		Zanclean									Early Pliocene		3.6
		Zanclean									Early Pliocene	Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian									Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Tortonian										Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian									Middle Miocene	Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian										Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian									Early Miocene		15.98
												Hemingfordian	16.3
												Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Late Oligocene		23.03
		Rupelian									Early Oligocene		27.82
												Whitneyan	29.5
												Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian									Late Eocene	Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian									Late Eocene	Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian									Middle Eocene	Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian										Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian										Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian										Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian									Early Eocene	Bridgerian	47.8
												Wasatchian	50.5
												Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian									Late Paleocene	Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian									Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian									Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian									Early Paleocene	Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian									Early Paleocene	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Lancian/Edmontonian						66
		Campanian					Judithian/Aquilan						72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan									145
		Kimmeridgian	Oteke	Puaroan									149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan									150
				Heterian									154.5
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan									164.3
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian		Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian		Warepan	208.5
				Otamitan	217
				Oretian	221
		Carnian		Oretian	227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian		Etalian	238
		Anisian		Etalian	242
		Anisian		Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian	249
		Induan		Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	Meishanian	251.902
				Waiitian	Meishanian	253.2
					Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian			Zechstein	Laoshanian		254.14
				Puruhauan		Laoshanian		254.2
				Puruhauan		Laibinian		257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian	Rotliegendes	Lengwuan		259.51
		Wordian		Flettian		Kuhfengian		264.28
		Wordian		Barettian				266
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Luodianian		273.01
		Kungurian		Mangapirian				276
		Artinskian		Mangapirian	Autunian			283.5
				Telfordian				285
				Telfordian		Longlinian		285.4 *
								288.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian				Zisongian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Zisongian		298.9
		Gzhelian						300.1
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian							425.6
		Gorstian						Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian						Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian					Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Telychian							436.3 *
		Aeronian							438.5
		Aeronian					Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian					Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian							Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian							Paibian		494
		Paibian							Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian							Drumian	Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan							Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							Duyunian		509
	Series 2	Stage 3							Nangaoian		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							Meishucunian		521
		Fortunian							Meishucunian		529
		Fortunian							Jinnigian		530.7
													538.8