PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126689 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian Subages	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ordovician of North America			Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan															Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan															Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene														Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian														Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian														Middle Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian														Early Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian															Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														Late Pliocene		2.58
		Zanclean														Early Pliocene		3.6
		Zanclean														Early Pliocene	Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian														Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian																7.246
		Tortonian															Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian														Middle Miocene	Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian															Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian																13.82
		Burdigalian														Early Miocene		15.98
																	Hemingfordian	16.3
																	Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian							Late Oligocene		23.03
		Rupelian						Kekeamuan								Early Oligocene		27.82
																	Whitneyan	29.5
																	Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian						Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian								Late Eocene	Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian						Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian								Late Eocene	Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian						Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan								Middle Eocene	Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian															Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian															Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian															Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian							Bumbanian							Early Eocene	Bridgerian	47.8
																	Wasatchian	50.5
																	Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Gashatan								Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian						Gashatan								Late Paleocene	Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian														Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian														Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian														Early Paleocene	Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian														Early Paleocene	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																66
		Campanian																72.1
		Santonian																83.6
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
		Cenomanian																93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																100.5
		Aptian																113
		Barremian																121.4
		Hauterivian																125.77
		Valanginian																132.6
		Berriasian																139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																145
		Kimmeridgian																149.2
		Oxfordian																154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
		Bathonian																165.3
		Bajocian								Epizigzagiceras								168.2
		Bajocian								Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense								168.4
		Aalenian								Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta								174.7
			Planulata	179.3 *
			Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
			Kanense		181.3 *
			Carlottense		182.3 *
			Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae		184.2
			Freboldi		185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
					Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian				192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras		196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian				Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian				Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian				Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian				Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian				Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian				Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian				Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian				Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian					300.1
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Late Famennian	358.9
							Middle Famennian	365.3 *
							Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian					Late Frasnian	372.2
							Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
							Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Late Givetian	382.7
							Middle Givetian	383.7 *
							Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian					Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian					Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian					Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian					Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian					Late Lochkovian	410.8
							Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
							Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Kosovian	Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian						Kralodvorian		Gamachian	Bohdalec †	445.2
								Kralodvorian		Richmondian		446 *
								Berounian		Richmondian		449.7 *
										Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
										Edenian			450.4 *
									Mohawkian	Chatfieldian			451.1 *
		Sandbian								Chatfieldian			453
										Turinian			453.7 *
										Turinian			Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
					Whiterockian					Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	Zahorany †/Vinice		457 *
											Liben †				458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
			Dobrotivian	458.5 *
			Oretanian	459.7 *
				Sarka †							461.7 *
		Dapingian		Klabava †							467.3
			Arenigian								468
									Rangerian		469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Ibexian				Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †		470
		Floian							Tulean					473.9 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadocian						Tulean					477.7
									Stairsian					480.3 *
									Skullrockian			Demingian †		482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Skullrockian					485.4
																		487.5