PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian Epochs	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Permian of the Salt Range	Devonian of Eastern North America		North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan						Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian							0.0042
		Greenlandian							0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							0.0117
		Late Pleistocene						Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian						Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian						Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian						Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian						Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							2.58
		Zanclean							3.6
		Zanclean						Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian							5.333
		Tortonian							7.246
		Tortonian						Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian						Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian						Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian							13.82
		Burdigalian							15.98
								Hemingfordian	16.3
								Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian							20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							23.03
		Rupelian							27.82
								Whitneyan	29.5
								Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian						Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian						Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian						Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian						Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian						Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian						Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian						Bridgerian	47.8
								Wasatchian	50.5
								Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian						Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian						Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian						Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian						Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian						Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Lancian/Edmontonian					66
		Campanian		Judithian/Aquilan					72.1
		Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							100.5
		Aptian							113
		Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
		Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian							168.2
		Aalenian							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							174.7
		Pliensbachian							184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Induan	251.2
		Induan	Kathwai		251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Kathwai		251.902
					252.4 *
			Chhidru		252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian	Chhidru		254.14
			Kalabagh		255 *
			Wargal		256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
					265.3 *
			Amb		266.1 *
		Roadian	Amb		266.9
		Roadian			270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Late Cambrian			485.4
		Jiangshanian					489.5
		Paibian					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Middle Cambrian			497
		Drumian					500.5
		Wuliuan					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Early Cambrian			509
	Series 2	Stage 3					514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
									538.8