PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cambrian Epochs	Permian Subages of Germany	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Permian of the Pamirs	Silurian Ages of Europe	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Obsolete Precambrian Ages		North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan											Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
				Late Pleistocene											Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian											Rancholabrean	0.129
				Chibanian											Irvingtonian	0.21
				Calabrian											Irvingtonian	0.774
				Calabrian											Blancan	1.4
				Gelasian												1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Tertiary †						2.58
				Zanclean												3.6
				Zanclean											Hemphillian	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian												5.333
				Tortonian												7.246
				Tortonian											Clarendonian	9.4
				Serravallian											Clarendonian	11.63
				Serravallian											Barstovian	12.5
				Langhian												13.82
				Burdigalian												15.98
															Hemingfordian	16.3
															Arikareean	18.5
				Aquitanian												20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
				Rupelian												27.82
															Whitneyan	29.5
															Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian											Chadronian	33.9
				Priabonian											Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian											Duchesnean	37.71
				Bartonian											Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian											Uintan	41.2
				Lutetian											Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian											Bridgerian	47.8
															Wasatchian	50.5
															Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian											Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian											Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian											Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian											Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian											Torrejonian	61.6
				Danian											Puercan	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
				Campanian												72.1
				Santonian												83.6
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian												93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
				Aptian												113
				Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian												125.77
				Valanginian												132.6
				Berriasian												139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
				Kimmeridgian												149.2
				Oxfordian												154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
				Bathonian												165.3
				Bajocian												168.2
				Aalenian												170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
				Pliensbachian												184.2
Sinemurian				192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Buntsandstein	Dorashamian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Buntsandstein	Dzhulfian	Longtanian †	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Ohre/Aller	Midian		259.51
			Wordian	Leine	Midian		264.28
			Wordian	Leine	Murgabian		266.2 *
			Roadian		Murgabian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		Kubergandian		273.01
			Kungurian		Bolorian		279.8
			Artinskian		Bolorian		283.5
			Artinskian		Yakhtashian		286
			Sakmarian		Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian		Asselian		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
			Kasimovian				303.7
			Moscovian				307
			Bashkirian				315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
			Visean				330.9
			Tournaisian				346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
			Pragian				407.6
			Lochkovian				410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
		Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				Gleedonian	427.4
			Homerian				Whitwellian	429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
			Aeronian					438.5
			Rhuddanian					440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
			Katian					445.2
			Sandbian					453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian					470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Late Cambrian	485.4
			Jiangshanian						489.5
			Paibian						494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Middle Cambrian	Series 3 †	497
			Guzhangian							Arcadian	498.4
			Drumian								500.5
			Wuliuan			Stage 5 †					504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4			Early Cambrian		Branchian			509
			Stage 3					Branchian			514
			Stage 3					Placentian			517.1
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																635