PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126662 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			European Faunal Zones	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Permian of Western Europe	Cambrian of China		Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan							Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian								0.0042
		Greenlandian								0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian						Early Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian							Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian	MN 17							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	MN 16					Late Pliocene		2.58
		Piacenzian	MN 15					Late Pliocene		3.2
		Zanclean	MN 15					Early Pliocene		3.6
			MN 14							4.2
			MN 14						Hemphillian	4.7
			MN 13							4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	MN 13					Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian	MN 12							7.246
			MN 11							7.75
			MN 10							8.7
			MN 10						Clarendonian	9.4
			MN 9							9.7
			MN 7 + 8							11.1
		Serravallian						Middle Miocene		11.63
									Barstovian	12.5
			MN 6							12.8 *
		Langhian	MN 5							13.82
		Burdigalian	MN 4					Early Miocene		15.98
			MN 4						Hemingfordian	16.3
			MN 3						Hemingfordian	16.9
			MN 3						Arikareean	18.5
			MN 2							20
		Aquitanian	MN 2							20.44
		Aquitanian	MN 1							22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Late Oligocene		23.03
		Rupelian						Early Oligocene		27.82
									Whitneyan	29.5
									Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian						Late Eocene	Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian						Late Eocene	Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian						Middle Eocene	Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian							Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian							Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian							Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian						Early Eocene	Bridgerian	47.8
									Wasatchian	50.5
									Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian						Late Paleocene	Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian						Early Paleocene	Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian						Early Paleocene	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Lancian/Edmontonian						66
		Campanian		Judithian/Aquilan						72.1
		Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								100.5
		Aptian								113
		Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian			Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian			Zechstein	Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Zechstein	Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Rotliegendes	Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian				Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian				Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian			Autunian	Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian				Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian				Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian				Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian					300.1
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian	307
		Bashkirian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †			485.4
		Jiangshanian	Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian	Paibian				494
		Paibian	Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian			494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Guzhangian	Wangcunian †			497
		Drumian	Drumian	Wangcunian †			500.5
		Wuliuan	Wuliuan/Taijangian				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Duyunian				509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Nangaoian				514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Meishucunian				521
		Fortunian	Meishucunian				529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian				530.7
										538.8