PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126699 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			European Faunal Zones	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Carboniferous Subepochs	Cenozoic Subepochs	Carboniferous of North America	Ordovician of Britain			North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan									Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene						0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene					Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene					Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene					Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian				Early Pleistocene					Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian									Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian	MN 17									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	MN 16			Late Pliocene						2.58
		Piacenzian	MN 15			Late Pliocene						3.2
		Zanclean	MN 15			Early Pliocene						3.6
			MN 14									4.2
			MN 14								Hemphillian	4.7
			MN 13									4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	MN 13			Late Miocene						5.333
		Tortonian	MN 12									7.246
			MN 11									7.75
			MN 10									8.7
			MN 10								Clarendonian	9.4
			MN 9									9.7
			MN 7 + 8									11.1
		Serravallian				Middle Miocene						11.63
											Barstovian	12.5
			MN 6									12.8 *
		Langhian	MN 5									13.82
		Burdigalian	MN 4			Early Miocene						15.98
			MN 4								Hemingfordian	16.3
			MN 3								Hemingfordian	16.9
			MN 3								Arikareean	18.5
			MN 2									20
		Aquitanian	MN 2									20.44
		Aquitanian	MN 1									22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Late Oligocene						23.03
		Rupelian				Early Oligocene						27.82
											Whitneyan	29.5
											Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian				Late Eocene					Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian				Late Eocene					Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian				Middle Eocene					Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian									Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian									Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian									Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian				Early Eocene					Bridgerian	47.8
											Wasatchian	50.5
											Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Late Paleocene					Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian				Late Paleocene					Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene					Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene					Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian				Early Paleocene					Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian				Early Paleocene					Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
		Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Mapingian †	Late Pennsylvanian		Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian		Mapingian †			Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian					Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian		Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian		Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian		Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian	Morrowan		Early Pennsylvanian		318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian		Chesterian		323.2
		Visean	Middle Mississippian		Chesterian		330.9
					Meramecian		335.8 *
					Osagean		343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian		Osagean		346.7
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian		Kinderhookian		351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian					Rawtheyan	445.2
							Cautleyan	448.9 *
							Pusgillian	449.3 *
						Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
							Cheneyan		451.5 *
							Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian							453
								Actonian †	453.2 *
								Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
								Longvillian †		455.2 *
							Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
							Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian				Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Fennian			470
							Whitlandian			471.1 *
							Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian				Tremadoc	Migneintian			477.7
		Tremadocian				Tremadoc	Cressagian			480.8 *
												485 *