PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126689 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			European Faunal Zones	Carboniferous Subepochs	Permian of Western Europe	Cambrian of China		Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan							Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian								0.0042
		Greenlandian								0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian						Early Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian							Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian	MN 17							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	MN 16					Late Pliocene		2.58
		Piacenzian	MN 15					Late Pliocene		3.2
		Zanclean	MN 15					Early Pliocene		3.6
			MN 14							4.2
			MN 14						Hemphillian	4.7
			MN 13							4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	MN 13					Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian	MN 12							7.246
			MN 11							7.75
			MN 10							8.7
			MN 10						Clarendonian	9.4
			MN 9							9.7
			MN 7 + 8							11.1
		Serravallian						Middle Miocene		11.63
									Barstovian	12.5
			MN 6							12.8 *
		Langhian	MN 5							13.82
		Burdigalian	MN 4					Early Miocene		15.98
			MN 4						Hemingfordian	16.3
			MN 3						Hemingfordian	16.9
			MN 3						Arikareean	18.5
			MN 2							20
		Aquitanian	MN 2							20.44
		Aquitanian	MN 1							22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Late Oligocene		23.03
		Rupelian						Early Oligocene		27.82
									Whitneyan	29.5
									Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian						Late Eocene	Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian						Late Eocene	Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian						Middle Eocene	Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian							Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian							Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian							Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian						Early Eocene	Bridgerian	47.8
									Wasatchian	50.5
									Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian						Late Paleocene	Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian						Early Paleocene	Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian						Early Paleocene	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								66
		Campanian								72.1
		Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								100.5
		Aptian								113
		Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
		Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian		Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian		Zechstein	Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Zechstein	Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Rotliegendes	Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian			Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian			Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian		Autunian	Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian			Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian			Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian			Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Late Pennsylvanian	Zisongian		298.9
		Gzhelian					300.1
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian	Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian	Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean	Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Niuchehean			Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian		Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian		Paibian				494
		Paibian		Paibian			Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Guzhangian			Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian		Drumian			Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan		Wuliuan/Taijangian				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Duyunian				509
	Series 2	Stage 3		Nangaoian				514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Meishucunian				521
		Fortunian		Meishucunian				529
		Fortunian		Jinnigian				530.7
										538.8