International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

  • K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
  • M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
  • F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
  • W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
  • B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
  • F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
  • A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126662 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic TimescaleMammal Paleogene ZonesOrdovician of BritainCarboniferous of Western EuropePermian of Western EuropeCambrian of ChinaCenozoic SubepochsPermian of ChinaNorth American Land Mammal Ages
QuaternaryHoloceneMeghalayanSaintaugustinean0
Santarosean0.0004
Northgrippian0.0042
Greenlandian0.0082
PleistoceneLate PleistoceneLate Pleistocene0.0117
Rancholabrean0.014
ChibanianMiddle Pleistocene0.129
Irvingtonian0.21
CalabrianEarly Pleistocene0.774
Blancan1.4
Gelasian1.8
NeogenePliocenePiacenzianLate Pliocene2.58
ZancleanEarly Pliocene3.6
Hemphillian4.7
MioceneMessinianLate Miocene5.333
Tortonian7.246
Clarendonian9.4
SerravallianMiddle Miocene11.63
Barstovian12.5
Langhian13.82
BurdigalianEarly Miocene15.98
Hemingfordian16.3
Arikareean18.5
Aquitanian20.44
PaleogeneOligoceneChattianMP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26MP 25Late Oligocene23.03
RupelianMP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21Early Oligocene27.82
Whitneyan29.5
Orellan31.8
EocenePriabonianMP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17ALate EoceneChadronian33.9
Duchesnean37
BartonianMP 16Middle Eocene37.71
Uintan39.7
LutetianMP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 1141.2
Bridgerian46.2
YpresianMP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7Early Eocene47.8
Wasatchian50.5
Clarkforkian54.9
PaleoceneThanetianMP 6MP 1 - 5Late Paleocene56
Tiffanian56.2
SelandianMiddle Paleocene59.2
Torrejonian60.9
DanianEarly Paleocene61.6
Puercan63.8
CretaceousLate CretaceousMaastrichtian66
Campanian72.1
Santonian83.6
Coniacian86.3
Turonian89.8
Cenomanian93.9
Early CretaceousAlbian100.5
Aptian113
Barremian121.4
Hauterivian125.77
Valanginian132.6
Berriasian139.8
JurassicLate JurassicTithonian145
Kimmeridgian149.2
Oxfordian154.8
Middle JurassicCallovian161.5
Bathonian165.3
Bajocian168.2
Aalenian170.9
Early JurassicToarcian174.7
Pliensbachian184.2
Sinemurian192.9
Hettangian199.5
TriassicLate TriassicRhaetian201.4
Norian208.5
Carnian227
Middle TriassicLadinian237
Anisian242
Early TriassicOlenekian247.2
Induan251.2
PermianLopingianChanghsingianMeishanian251.902
Baoqingian253.4 *
WuchiapingianZechsteinLaoshanian254.14
Laibinian257.7 *
GuadalupianCapitanianRotliegendesLengwuan259.51
WordianKuhfengian264.28
Roadian266.9
CisuralianKungurianLuodianian273.01
ArtinskianAutunian283.5
Longlinian285.4 *
Sakmarian290.1
AsselianZisongian293.52
Kuzel297.7
CarboniferousPennsylvanianGzhelian298.9
300.1
StephanianStephanian C300.3 *
Stephanian B300.9 *
Stephanian A301.4 *
Kasimovian303.7
Cantabrian305 *
Moscovian307
WestphalianWestphalian D307.4 *
Westphalian C309.8
Westphalian B314.6
Bashkirian315.2
Westphalian A317 *
NamurianYeadonian318.8 *
Marsdenian320.2 *
Kinderscoutian321.5 *
Alportian322 *
Chokierian323.1 *
MississippianSerpukhovian323.2
Arnsbergian324 *
Pendleian327.4 *
ViseanWarnantianBrigantian †330.9
LivianAsbian †336.3 *
MoliniacianHolkerian †/Arundian/Chadian340.2 *
TournaisianIvorian346.7
Hastarian353.7 *
DevonianLate DevonianFamennian358.9
Frasnian372.2
Middle DevonianGivetian382.7
Eifelian387.7
Early DevonianEmsian393.3
Pragian407.6
Lochkovian410.8
SilurianPridoli419.2
LudlowLudfordian423
Gorstian425.6
WenlockHomerian427.4
Sheinwoodian430.5
LlandoveryTelychian433.4
Aeronian438.5
Rhuddanian440.8
OrdovicianLate OrdovicianHirnantianAshgillHirnantian443.8
KatianRawtheyan445.2
Cautleyan448.9 *
Pusgillian449.3 *
CaradocStreffordianOnnian †449.6 *
Cheneyan451.5 *
Burrellian452.7 *
Sandbian453
Actonian †453.2 *
Marshbrookian †Woolstonian †454.2 *
Longvillian †455.2 *
Aurelucian456.8 *
Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian457.4 *
Middle OrdovicianDarriwilianLlanvirnLlandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn458.4
Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn461.3 *
Dapingian467.3
ArenigFennian468.4 *
Early OrdovicianFloian470
Whitlandian471.1 *
Moridunian474.3 *
TremadocianTremadocMigneintian477.7
Cressagian480.8 *
485 *
CambrianFurongianStage 10NiucheheanTaoyuanian †485.4
JiangshanianJiangshanian489.5
PaibianPaibian494
Waergangian †/Youshuanian494.9 *
MiaolingianGuzhangianGuzhangianWangcunian †497
DrumianDrumian500.5
WuliuanWuliuan/Taijangian504.5
Series 2Stage 4Duyunian509
Stage 3Nangaoian514
TerreneuvianStage 2Meishucunian521
Fortunian529
Jinnigian530.7
538.8