International Chronostratigraphic Timescale
The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:
- K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
- P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
- F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
- F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
- W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
- A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show
Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.
Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.
This timescale is used in the definition of 126662 collections
| International Chronostratigraphic Timescale | Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe | Permian of Western Europe | Cambrian of China | Cenozoic Subepochs | Permian of China | North American Land Mammal Ages | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quaternary | Holocene | Meghalayan | Saintaugustinean | 0 | ||||||
| Santarosean | 0.0004 | |||||||||
| Northgrippian | 0.0042 | |||||||||
| Greenlandian | 0.0082 | |||||||||
| Pleistocene | Late Pleistocene | Tarantian | Late Pleistocene | 0.0117 | ||||||
| Rancholabrean | 0.014 | |||||||||
| Chibanian | Ionian | Middle Pleistocene | 0.129 | |||||||
| Irvingtonian | 0.21 | |||||||||
| Calabrian | Early Pleistocene | 0.774 | ||||||||
| Blancan | 1.4 | |||||||||
| Gelasian | 1.8 | |||||||||
| Neogene | Pliocene | Piacenzian | Late Pliocene | 2.58 | ||||||
| Zanclean | Early Pliocene | 3.6 | ||||||||
| Hemphillian | 4.7 | |||||||||
| Miocene | Messinian | Late Miocene | 5.333 | |||||||
| Tortonian | 7.246 | |||||||||
| Clarendonian | 9.4 | |||||||||
| Serravallian | Middle Miocene | 11.63 | ||||||||
| Barstovian | 12.5 | |||||||||
| Langhian | 13.82 | |||||||||
| Burdigalian | Early Miocene | 15.98 | ||||||||
| Hemingfordian | 16.3 | |||||||||
| Arikareean | 18.5 | |||||||||
| Aquitanian | 20.44 | |||||||||
| Paleogene | Oligocene | Chattian | Late Oligocene | 23.03 | ||||||
| Rupelian | Early Oligocene | 27.82 | ||||||||
| Whitneyan | 29.5 | |||||||||
| Orellan | 31.8 | |||||||||
| Eocene | Priabonian | Late Eocene | Chadronian | 33.9 | ||||||
| Duchesnean | 37 | |||||||||
| Bartonian | Middle Eocene | 37.71 | ||||||||
| Uintan | 39.7 | |||||||||
| Lutetian | 41.2 | |||||||||
| Bridgerian | 46.2 | |||||||||
| Ypresian | Early Eocene | 47.8 | ||||||||
| Wasatchian | 50.5 | |||||||||
| Clarkforkian | 54.9 | |||||||||
| Paleocene | Thanetian | Late Paleocene | 56 | |||||||
| Tiffanian | 56.2 | |||||||||
| Selandian | Middle Paleocene | 59.2 | ||||||||
| Torrejonian | 60.9 | |||||||||
| Danian | Early Paleocene | 61.6 | ||||||||
| Puercan | 63.8 | |||||||||
| Cretaceous | Late Cretaceous | Maastrichtian | 66 | |||||||
| Campanian | 72.1 | |||||||||
| Santonian | 83.6 | |||||||||
| Coniacian | 86.3 | |||||||||
| Turonian | 89.8 | |||||||||
| Cenomanian | 93.9 | |||||||||
| Early Cretaceous | Albian | 100.5 | ||||||||
| Aptian | 113 | |||||||||
| Barremian | 121.4 | |||||||||
| Hauterivian | 125.77 | |||||||||
| Valanginian | 132.6 | |||||||||
| Berriasian | 139.8 | |||||||||
| Jurassic | Late Jurassic | Tithonian | 145 | |||||||
| Kimmeridgian | 149.2 | |||||||||
| Oxfordian | 154.8 | |||||||||
| Middle Jurassic | Callovian | 161.5 | ||||||||
| Bathonian | 165.3 | |||||||||
| Bajocian | 168.2 | |||||||||
| Aalenian | 170.9 | |||||||||
| Early Jurassic | Toarcian | 174.7 | ||||||||
| Pliensbachian | 184.2 | |||||||||
| Sinemurian | 192.9 | |||||||||
| Hettangian | 199.5 | |||||||||
| Triassic | Late Triassic | Rhaetian | 201.4 | |||||||
| Norian | 208.5 | |||||||||
| Carnian | 227 | |||||||||
| Middle Triassic | Ladinian | 237 | ||||||||
| Anisian | 242 | |||||||||
| Early Triassic | Olenekian | 247.2 | ||||||||
| Induan | 251.2 | |||||||||
| Permian | Lopingian | Changhsingian | Meishanian | 251.902 | ||||||
| Baoqingian | 253.4 * | |||||||||
| Wuchiapingian | Zechstein | Laoshanian | 254.14 | |||||||
| Laibinian | 257.7 * | |||||||||
| Guadalupian | Capitanian | Rotliegendes | Lengwuan | 259.51 | ||||||
| Wordian | Kuhfengian | 264.28 | ||||||||
| Roadian | 266.9 | |||||||||
| Cisuralian | Kungurian | Luodianian | 273.01 | |||||||
| Artinskian | Autunian | 283.5 | ||||||||
| Longlinian | 285.4 * | |||||||||
| Sakmarian | 290.1 | |||||||||
| Asselian | Zisongian | 293.52 | ||||||||
| Carboniferous | Pennsylvanian | Gzhelian | 298.9 | |||||||
| 300.1 | ||||||||||
| Kasimovian | 303.7 | |||||||||
| Moscovian | 307 | |||||||||
| Bashkirian | 315.2 | |||||||||
| Mississippian | Serpukhovian | 323.2 | ||||||||
| Visean | 330.9 | |||||||||
| Tournaisian | 346.7 | |||||||||
| Devonian | Late Devonian | Famennian | 358.9 | |||||||
| Frasnian | 372.2 | |||||||||
| Middle Devonian | Givetian | 382.7 | ||||||||
| Eifelian | 387.7 | |||||||||
| Early Devonian | Emsian | 393.3 | ||||||||
| Pragian | 407.6 | |||||||||
| Lochkovian | 410.8 | |||||||||
| Silurian | Pridoli | 419.2 | ||||||||
| Ludlow | Ludfordian | 423 | ||||||||
| Gorstian | 425.6 | |||||||||
| Wenlock | Homerian | 427.4 | ||||||||
| Sheinwoodian | 430.5 | |||||||||
| Llandovery | Telychian | 433.4 | ||||||||
| Aeronian | 438.5 | |||||||||
| Rhuddanian | 440.8 | |||||||||
| Ordovician | Late Ordovician | Hirnantian | 443.8 | |||||||
| Katian | 445.2 | |||||||||
| Sandbian | 453 | |||||||||
| Middle Ordovician | Darriwilian | 458.4 | ||||||||
| Dapingian | 467.3 | |||||||||
| Early Ordovician | Floian | 470 | ||||||||
| Tremadocian | 477.7 | |||||||||
| Cambrian | Furongian | Stage 10 | Niuchehean | Taoyuanian † | 485.4 | |||||
| Jiangshanian | Jiangshanian | 489.5 | ||||||||
| Paibian | Paibian | 494 | ||||||||
| Waergangian †/Youshuanian | 494.9 * | |||||||||
| Miaolingian | Guzhangian | Guzhangian | Wangcunian † | 497 | ||||||
| Drumian | Drumian | 500.5 | ||||||||
| Wuliuan | Wuliuan/Taijangian | 504.5 | ||||||||
| Series 2 | Stage 4 | Duyunian | 509 | |||||||
| Stage 3 | Nangaoian | 514 | ||||||||
| Terreneuvian | Stage 2 | Meishucunian | 521 | |||||||
| Fortunian | 529 | |||||||||
| Jinnigian | 530.7 | |||||||||
| 538.8 | ||||||||||