PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126689 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Permian of North America		Cambrian of Siberia			Permian of Western Europe	Cambrian of China		Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan											Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Tarantian									Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Tarantian									Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian	Ionian									Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian	Ionian									Middle Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian										Early Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian											Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Late Pliocene		2.58
		Zanclean										Early Pliocene		3.6
		Zanclean										Early Pliocene	Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian										Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Tortonian											Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian										Middle Miocene	Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian											Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian										Early Miocene		15.98
													Hemingfordian	16.3
													Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Late Oligocene		23.03
		Rupelian										Early Oligocene		27.82
													Whitneyan	29.5
													Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian										Late Eocene	Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian										Late Eocene	Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian										Middle Eocene	Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian											Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian											Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian											Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian										Early Eocene	Bridgerian	47.8
													Wasatchian	50.5
													Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian										Late Paleocene	Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian										Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian										Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian										Early Paleocene	Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian										Early Paleocene	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Pliensbachian												184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian	Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian	Zechstein	Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Zechstein	Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian	Rotliegendes	Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian	Wordian		Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian	Roadian		Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian		Cathedralian	Luodianian	273.01
		Kungurian			Hessian		281.9 *
		Artinskian		Autunian			283.5
						Longlinian	285.4 *
			Wolfcampian		Lenoxian		286.1 *
		Sakmarian			Lenoxian		290.1
		Asselian			Nealian	Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian					300.1
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					470
		Tremadocian					477.7
		Tremadocian					Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian					Batyrbaian			Jiangshanian		489.5
							Aksaian					490.7 *
							Sakian					492.2 *
		Paibian								Paibian		494
									Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian			494.7 *
									Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Ayusokkanian			Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Guzhangian					Mayan/Menevian			Guzhangian		499.5
		Drumian					Mayan/Menevian			Drumian		500.5
		Wuliuan					Amgan/Solvan			Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Amgan/Solvan			Duyunian		509
							Toyonian	Lenian †				510 *
							Botomian					512.5 *
		Stage 3					Botomian			Nangaoian		514
		Stage 3					Atdabanian			Nangaoian		515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Tommotian			Meishucunian		521
		Stage 2					Nemakit-Daldynian					525.5
		Fortunian						Manykaian †				529
		Fortunian						Manykaian †		Jinnigian		530.7
														538.8