PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126701 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Central Paratethys Stages	Ammonite Chrons of North America			European Faunal Zones	Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Devonian of France
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Saintaugustinean		0
		Meghalayan							Santarosean		0.0004
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean		0.014
		Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean		0.129
		Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene	Irvingtonian		0.21
		Calabrian						Early Pleistocene	Irvingtonian		0.774
		Calabrian							Blancan		1.4
		Gelasian					MN 17				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					MN 16	Late Pliocene			2.58
		Piacenzian					MN 15	Late Pliocene			3.2
		Zanclean					MN 15	Early Pliocene			3.6
							MN 14				4.2
							MN 14		Hemphillian		4.7
							MN 13				4.9
	Miocene	Messinian					MN 13	Late Miocene			5.333
		Tortonian	Pannonian				MN 12				7.246
							MN 11				7.75
							MN 10				8.7
							MN 10		Clarendonian		9.4
							MN 9				9.7
							MN 7 + 8				11.1
		Serravallian	Sarmatian					Middle Miocene			11.63
			Sarmatian						Barstovian		12.5
			Badenian				MN 6				12.8 *
		Langhian					MN 5				13.82
		Burdigalian					MN 4	Early Miocene			15.98
							MN 4		Hemingfordian		16.3
							MN 3		Hemingfordian		16.9
							MN 3		Arikareean		18.5
							MN 2				20
		Aquitanian					MN 2				20.44
		Aquitanian					MN 1				22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Late Oligocene			23.03
		Rupelian						Early Oligocene			27.82
									Whitneyan		29.5
									Orellan		31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian						Late Eocene	Chadronian		33.9
		Priabonian						Late Eocene	Duchesnean		37
		Bartonian						Middle Eocene	Duchesnean		37.71
		Bartonian							Uintan		39.7
		Lutetian							Uintan		41.2
		Lutetian							Bridgerian		46.2
		Ypresian						Early Eocene	Bridgerian		47.8
									Wasatchian		50.5
									Clarkforkian		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian		56
		Thanetian						Late Paleocene	Tiffanian		56.2
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian		59.2
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian		60.9
		Danian						Early Paleocene	Torrejonian		61.6
		Danian						Early Paleocene	Puercan		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
		Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Epizigzagiceras	168.2
		Bajocian		Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.4
		Aalenian		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
				Planulata	179.3 *
				Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
				Kanense		181.3 *
				Carlottense		182.3 *
				Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian		Kunae		184.2
				Freboldi		185.1 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras				186.2 *
						Tetraspidoceras				189.2 *
				Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis				190.3 *
		Sinemurian								192.9
				Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras					196.4 *
				Franziceras/Euphyllites						196.5 *
		Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
		Norian								208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9
		Kasimovian	303.7
		Moscovian	307
		Bashkirian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Couvinien				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Pragian	Coblencien				408.2 *
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Datsonian	485.4
		Stage 10					Payntonian	486.8 *
		Jiangshanian					Iverian	489.5
		Paibian					Idamean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Mindyallan	497
		Guzhangian					Boomerangian	499
		Drumian					Undillan	500.5
		Drumian					Floran	503
		Wuliuan					Templetonian	504.5
		Wuliuan					Ordian	507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4					Ordian	509
											510.8 *